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Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport of nutrients and other materials via the blood to and from various parts of the body.
(Lecture 7, Slide 2)

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2
Q

Why is coronary heart disease such a problem in the UK?

A

Diet, smoking and physical inactivity.
(Lecture 7, Slide 15)

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3
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High or raised blood pressure.
(Lecture 7, Slide 17)

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4
Q

What are 2 consequences of untreated hypertension?

A

Stroke, cardiac failure, peripheral and coronary heart disease and renal failure.
(Lecture 7, Slide 17)

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5
Q

What are normal blood pressure values?

A

About 120 mm Hg (milometers of mercury) systolic and 70 mm Hg Diastolic
(Lecture 7, Slide 20)

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6
Q

What are risk 3 factors that can cause primary (essential) hypertension?

A

There is no clear cause but several risk factors include:
Genes
Lack of exercise
Stress
Smoking
Obesity
Excess alcohol consumption
(Lecture 7, Slide 23)

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7
Q

What causes secondary hypotension?

A

Secondary hypertension is caused due to an underlying condition such as:
Kidney problems
Certain hormone imbalances
Pregnancy complications
(Lecture 7, Slide 24)

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8
Q

What percentage of hypertension is primary and secondary?

A

90 - 95% of hypertension is primary with 5 - 10% being secondary.
(Lecture 7, Slides 23 and 24)

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9
Q

What are 2 factors affecting blood pressure?

A

Diameter of blood vessels
Cardiac output
Blood volume
Vessel elasticity
(Lecture 7, Slide 25)

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10
Q

How does blood vessel diameter affect blood pressure?

A

Dilated arterioles - low resistance to flow resulting in low blood pressure
Opposite is true for constricted vessels.
(Lecture 7, Slide 27)

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11
Q

How is the diameter of arterioles controlled by sympathetic nerves?

A

High activity > Release noradrenaline (NA) > acts on α1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in constriction.
(Lecture 7, Slide 30)

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12
Q

What are 3 symptoms of stroke?

A

Sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis of the face, arm or leg - usually on one side of the body, loss of speech or trouble talking / understanding speech, sudden blurred or doubled vision and occasionally sudden severe headaches.
In severe cases there may be loss of consciousness.
(Lecture 8, Slide 4)

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13
Q

What is a Haemorrhagic Stroke and what percentage of strokes are Haemorrhagic?

A

Rupture of a small blood vessel - ~ 20% of strokes
(Lecture 8, Slide 5)

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14
Q

What is an Ischaemic stroke and what percentage of strokes are Ischaemic?

A

Lack of blood flow to the brain - ~ 80%
(Lecture 8, Slide 5)

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15
Q

How are strokes diagnosed?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
(Lecture 8, Slide 6)

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16
Q

How is an Ischaemic Stroke treated?

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) acts as a “Clot busting drug” - it dissolves blood clots but must be given within 3 hours of stroke.

Doesn’t treat a haemorrhagic stroke
(Lecture 8, Slide 7)

17
Q

Why is Aspirin given for an Ischaemic stroke?

A

As it stops blood clots forming
(Lecture 8, Slide 7)

18
Q

What is Angina?

A

Pain in the chest while walking, exercising etc that is relieved during rest.
(Lecture 8, Slide 13)

19
Q

What are 2 symptoms of Angina?

A

A constricting pain around the chest (in stable angina this pain is relieved by rest)
Pain radiating from the chest to the throat, arms, next and back
Dizziness / Nausea and sometimes vomiting
Difficulty breathing.
(Lecture 8, Slide 14)

20
Q

How is angina treated?

A

Drugs causing relaxation of smooth muscle.
(Lecture 8, Slide 16)

21
Q

What are 2 physical changes that happen during the fight or flight response?

A

Heart rate increases, blood is diverted to the skeletal muscles, airways and pupils dilate.
(Lecture 8, Slide 18)

22
Q

What is Cholesterol and where is it found?

A

A lipid substance found in all cells.
(Lecture 8, Slide 21)

23
Q

How does the body obtain cholesterol?

A

Its made in the liver and also absorbed from meat, dairy products and eggs.
(Lecture 8, Slide 21)

24
Q

What is cholesterol packed into for transportation?

A

Lipoproteins.
(Lecture 8, Slide 21)

25
Q

Which is good, high density of lipoproteins or low density of lipoproteins?

A

High density.
(Lecture 8, Slide 21)

26
Q

What are the symptoms of high blood cholesterol levels and how is it diagnosed?

A

High blood cholesterol shows no symptoms and must be diagnosed from a blood test.
(Lecture 8, Slide 22)

27
Q

What is the consequence of high blood cholesterol?

A

It builds up and forms plaque, which blocks the artery.
(Lecture 8, Slides 23 and 24)

28
Q

How can blood cholesterol levels be lowered through diet?

A

By reducing intake of cholesterol rich foods.
(Lecture 8, Slide 25)

29
Q

How can blood cholesterol levels be lowered through drug treatment?

A

By inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver, lowering low density lipoprotein levels (LDL).
(Lecture 8, Slide 25)

30
Q

What are 2 symptoms of a heart attack (myocardial infraction)?

A

Pain in centre of chest, which can extend beyond chest, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness / nausea and sometimes vomiting.
(Lecture 8, Slide 27)

31
Q

How can a heart attack be differentiated from angina?

A

Pain from a heart attack does not disappear with rest.
(Lecture 8, Slide 27)

32
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

A blocked coronary artery.
(Lecture 8, Slide 28)

33
Q

What are 3 risk factors of a heart attack?

A

High blood cholesterol
High blood pressure
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Family history
(Lecture 8, Slide 28)

34
Q

How is a heart attack treated?

A

If a person is unconscious and without pulse, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ASAP.

If you suspect someone of having a heart attack, give them an aspirin to prevent blood from clotting. More effective blood clot busting drug may be used in the hospital.
(Lecture 8, Slide 30)

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