Drugs in Surgery and Sport

Question 1

What were the problems with early surgery?

Answer 1

There was no anaesthetic except alcohol, which can kill or make people lose consciousness with low doses, and no aseptic technique, leading to post-operative infection being common
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 2

Who controls drugs in surgery?

Answer 2

Anaesthetist
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

Question 3

What types of drugs are used in surgery?

Answer 3

The anaesthetic and any adjuncts (supplements) to it.
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

Question 4

What are the 2 differences between general and local anaesthetics?

Answer 4

General anaesthetic is administered by inhalation or injection whereas local is only administered by localised injection.
Local anaesthetic produces localised loss of sensation where general anaesthetic results in unconsciousness.
(Lecture 3, Slide 12)

Question 5

When are adjuncts to anaesthesia used?

Answer 5

Pre-mediation (given in the ward or preparatory site)
During surgical procedure
Recovery room
(Lecture 3, Slide 13)

Question 6

What are the 5 types of Pre-operative drugs?

Answer 6

Narcotic analgesics (Opioids)
Anxiolytics
Hypnotics
Sedatives
Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics)
Remember using NAHSA (NASA)
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 7

What do Hypnotic pre-op drugs do?

Answer 7

Encourage sleep.
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 8

What do Anxiolytics pre-op drugs do?

Answer 8

Reduce anxiety.
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 9

What do Opioid pre-op drugs do?

Answer 9

Act as a pain killer and sedative.
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

Question 10

What do Anticholinergic pre-op drugs do?

Answer 10

Block muscarinic effects of acetylcholine and dry bronchial secretions.
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

Question 11

What is stage 1 of anaesthesia?

Answer 11

Analgesia
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 12

What is stage 2 of anaesthesia?

Answer 12

Delirium
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 13

What are the risks of stage 2 of anaesthesia (Delirium)?

Answer 13

Risk of muscle damage and vomiting.
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 14

What is stage 3 of anaesthesia?

Answer 14

Surgical
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 15

What occurs in stage 3 of anaesthesia (Surgical)

Answer 15

Progressive loss of reflexes, slow down of cardiovascular and respiratory responses.
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 16

What is stage 4 of anaesthesia?

Answer 16

Medullary paralysis.
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 17

What occurs in stage 4 of anaesthesia?

Answer 17

Cardiovascular and respiratory collapse.
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 18

Where are Intravenous anaesthetics administered into?

Answer 18

A Vein.
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 19

What are some features of Intravenous anaesthetics?

Answer 19

Rapid action with a short duration, used to induce anaesthesia.
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 20

What is the stage 2 of intravenous anaesthetics?

Answer 20

They don’t have a stage 2.
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 21

Is the patient unconscious or conscious after taking Spinal anaesthesia?

Answer 21

Conscious.
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 22

Are spinal anaesthetics local or general?

Answer 22

Local.
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 23

What are 3 types of adjuncts are used during surgery?

Answer 23

Muscle relaxants, blood pressure modulators and Antiarrhythmics.
(Lecture 3, Slide 25)

Question 24

Where do Muscle Reactants act?

Answer 24

At neuromuscular junctions.
(Lecture 3, Slide 26)

Question 25

Do muscle relaxants effect consciousness?

Answer 25

No. (Lecture 3, Slide 26)

Question 26

What do muscle relaxants require?

Answer 26

Mechanical ventilation for breathing (Lecture 3, Slide 26)

Question 27

What are the 4 Post-operative adjuncts?

Answer 27

Analgesic (to remove post-op pain), respiratory stimulants (to reverse anaesthetic induced respiratory depression) , anticholinesterases (to reverse skeletal muscle muscle paralysis) and antibiotics (Lecture 3, Slide 31)

Question 28

State 3 reasons why athletes dope.

Answer 28

They use them to be competitive, and to gain edge, some may use them as they are dissatisfied with their size/weight or due to peer/team pressure. (Lecture 4, Slide 9)

Question 29

How big of an impact does doping have on performance?

Answer 29

Erythropoietin can increase VO2 max (the maximum / optimum rate the heart, lungs and muscles can use oxygen during exercise) by 20%, the difference between a competent club runner and a world class performer. (Lecture 4, Slide 10)

Question 30

Why is it so hard to define a performing enhancing substance?

Answer 30

As drugs that are considered doping can have a wide range of properties such as their socially acceptability and legality. (Lecture 4, Slide 13)

Question 31

What effects do stimulants result in?

Answer 31

Makes you very wide awake and alert, competitive and reactions and heart rate are really fast. (Lecture 4, Slide 18)

Question 32

What effects do Narcotic analgesics result in the athletic being able to do?

Answer 32

Able to play with an injury without feeling pain. (Lecture 4, Slide 20)

Question 33

What effects do steroids have on the body and why are they used?

Answer 33

Gives big muscles and makes you highly aggressive, may result in women growing facial hair. Used for sports that need power and intense training, e.g sprinting or swimming (Lecture 4, Slide 21)

Question 34

What effect does Diuretics have on the body and why are they used?

Answer 34

Urine production is increased to get rid of excess fluid to lose weight. Used in weight category sports e.g boxing or to mask other drugs (Lecture 4, Slide 25)

Question 35

What effects does Beta-blockers have on the body and why are they used?

Answer 35

Makes you very calm and steady, slows heart rate and breathing, Used for concentration sports, e.g archery or shooting (Lecture 4, Slide 27)

Question 36

What is blood doping and why is it used?

Answer 36

A transfusion of blood containing lots of blood cells It is used to increase oxygen carrying ability to have an advantage in endurance events. (Lecture 4, Slide 29)

Question 37

When is blood usually taken for blood doping?

Answer 37

from the individual during altitude training or when blood has been treated. (Lecture 4, Slide 29)

Question 38

What effect does human growth hormone (HGH) have on the body and what is it used for?

Answer 38

Encourages muscle growth and prevents fatigue and is used for events requiring power and strength. (Lecture 4, Slide 31)

Question 39

What is a possible downside of taking performance enhancing drugs?

Answer 39

Possible side effects, which can range from minor to very severe. (Lecture 4, Slide 34)

Question 40

How is the used of drugs controlled in sports?

Answer 40

Each sport has it's own international sports federation, that make rules about doping, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) also has rules on doping. (Lecture 4, Slide 38)

Question 41

What happens to athletes if they are caught doping?

Answer 41

They are banned from the sport and lose sponsors, even for mistakes (Lecture 4, Slide 38)

Question 42

What 3 ways does the government regulate doping?

Answer 42

Anti-doping treaties, Statue (Such as Misuse of drugs act) Application of constitutional and common law rights (Lecture 4, Slide 39)