psychosocial theories for working with various clients Flashcards
consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes within the individual; affect ABCs
came from a latin word ‘persona’ which means ‘mask’ or public self
personality
considered to be something that is part of a individual’s personality
long term characteristic of an individual that shows through their behavior, actions, or feelings
trait
temporary condition that they are experiencing for a short period of time
state
components of a personality theory
personality structure, motivation, personality development, psychological health, psychopathology, personality change
the “what” of personality theory
personality structure
the “why” of personality theory
motivation
the “how and when” of personality theory
personality development
the “who is healthy/normal” of personality theory
psychological health
the “who is not healthy/normal” of personality theory
psychopathology
“how can someone not healthy be healthy?” of personality theory
personality change
all human behavior is caused and can be explained
deterministic theory
freud believe that adult personality problems were the result of early experiences in life
has five stages; each stage we experience pleasure in one part of the body than in others
psychosexual development
psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
basic impulses; seek immediate gratification; irrational and impulsive;
operates unconscious level
id
ideals and morals; striving to perfection; incorporated from parents; becoming a person’s conscience
operates mainly in preconscious level
superego
executive mediating between id impulses and superego inhibitions; testing reality; rational
operates mainly at conscious level but also in preconscious
ego
pleasure seeking person dominated by
id
a guilt ridden or inferior feeling person dominated by
superego
all pleasurable activity is traceable to this drive;
libido or sex drive
two types of drive
-libido or sex drive
-thanatos or aggression/destructive drive
psychological healthy person dominated by
ego
forms of sex drive
narcissism (primary and secondary), love, sadism, masochism
aggression is flexible and can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of other ppl’s suffering
thanatos or aggression/destructive drive
types of anxiety
neurotic anxiety, moral anxiety, realistic anxiety
fear that id will overpower ego
neurotic anxiety
fear of actions or thoughts contrary to superego; may result from the failure to behave consistently with what they regard as morally right
moral anxiety
defined as unpleasant, nonspecific feeling, involving possible danger
realistic anxiety
these are automatic psychological processes that protect the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal and external dangers or stressors; individuals are unaware of these processes as they operate
defense mechanisms
levels of defense mechanisms
high adaptive level, mental inhibition level, minor image-distorting level, disavowal level, major image-distorting level, action level, defensive dysregulation
high adaptive level
anticipation, affiliation, altruism, humor, self-assertion, self-observation, sublimation, suppression
mental inhibition level
displacement dissociation, intellectualization, isolation of affect, reaction formation, repression, undoing
minor image-distorting level
devaluation, idealization omnipotence
disavowal level
denial, projection, rationalization
action level
acting out, apathetic, withdrawal, help-rejecting complaining, passive aggression
defensive dysregulation
delusional projection, psychotic denial, psychotic delusion
stages of erikson’s psychosocial development
infancy, early childhood/toddler, preschool, school age, adolescence, young adult, middle adult, maturity
trust vs mistrust
infancy
autonomy vs shame and doubt
early childhood/toddler
initiative vs guilt
preschool
industry vs inferiority
school age
identity vs role confusion
adolescence
intimacy vs isolation
young adult
generativity vs stagnation
middle adult
ego integrity vs despair
maturity
human intelligence progresses through a series of stages based on age; biologic changes and maturation were responsible for cognitive development
piaget’s cognitive development theory
stages of piaget’s cognitive development theory
sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operations, formal operations
0-2 years, intelligence in action; child interacts with environment by manipulating objects
sensori-motor stage
2-4 and 4-7 years; thinking dominated by perception, but child becomes more and more capable of symbolic functioning; language development occurs, child still unduly influenced by own perception of environment
pre-operational stage
preconceptual (2-4), intuitive (4-7)
7-11/12 years; logical reasoning can only be applied to objects that are real or can be seen
concrete operations stage
11/12 upwards, individual can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas
formal operations stage
theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning
kohlberg’s moral development theory
levels of kohlberg’s moral development
level one preconventional (younger than six)
level two conventional (7-11 yrs)
level three postconventional (11 yrs above)
steps of level one preconventional
step 1: punishment and obedience orientation
step 2: obey rules to avoid punishment
steps of level two conventional
step 3: good boy/girl morality. conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others
step 4: conforms to avoid censure by authorities
steps of level three postconventional
step 5: conforms to maintain communities, emphasis on individual rights
step 6: individual principles of conscience
primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant’s needs, allows the child to develop sense of security
attachment theory
essence of attachment
proximity
stages of attachment
pre-attachment, indiscriminate, discriminate, multiple
birth to 6 weeks, baby shows no particular attachment to specific caregiver
pre-attachment stage
6 weeks to 7 mos, infant begins to show preference for primary and secondary caregivers
indiscriminate stage
7+ months, infant shows strong attachment to one specific caregiver
discriminate stage
10+ months, growing bond with other caregivers
multiple stage
patterns of attachments
secure attachment, ambivalent attachment. avoidant attachment, disordered attachment
observable behaviors and what once can do externally to bring about behavior changes; behaviorist believe that behavior can be changed through a system of rewards and punishments
behaviorism
three major types of behavioral learning
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning
a neutral stimulus is associated w a natural response
classical conditioning
response is increased or decreased d/t reinforcement or punishment
operant conditioning
learning occurs through observation and imitation of others
observational conditioning
process of classical conditioning
generalizations, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery
conditioned response is transferred from one stimulus to another
generalization process
recognizing and responding to differences between similar stimuli
discrimination process
conditioned response gradually weakens and disappears when the conditioned stimulus is constantly repeated without the unconditioned stimulus
extinction process
responding after a prolonged rest period after extinction
spontaneous recovery process
reinforcement schedules
continuous and partial reinforcement
desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
most effective when teaching a new behavior
creates a strong association between behavior and response
continuous reinforcement
most effective when behavior is established
new behavior is less likely to disappear
various partial reinforcement schedules available to suit individual needs
partial reinforcement
(theory)
people can learn through observation, mental stages are important to learning, learning does not necessarily lead to behavior change
social learning theory/observational modeling
a significant shift away from the psychoanalytic view of the individual
humanistic theories
focuses on a person’s positive qualities, his/her capacity to change (human potential), and the promotion of self-esteem
humanism
basic needs (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
physiological needs, safety needs
psychological needs (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
social needs, self esteem needs
self fulfillment needs (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
self actualization
deficiency needs (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
physiological needs to self esteem needs
growth needs (maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
self actualization
basic human needs are need for self actualization and need for positive regard
person-centered theory
response and result of need for self actualizations
unconditional positive regard; self actualization
response and result of need for positive regard
conditional positive regard; self discrepancies
an unconscious error or oversight in writing, speech, or action that is held to be caused by unacceptable impulses breaking through the ego’s defenses and exposing the individual’s true wishes or feelings
freudian slip
