Psychosocial Flashcards
1
Q
BMI is a measure of weight related to
A
height
2
Q
BMI is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by
A
square of height in metres
3
Q
BMI is less accurate in which kind of people
A
very muscular
4
Q
BMI less than 18.5 =
A
underweight
5
Q
BMI 18.5-24.9 =
A
normal
6
Q
BMI 25-29.9 =
A
overweight
7
Q
BMI 30-39.9 =
A
obese
8
Q
BMI 40+ =
A
very obese
9
Q
4 parts of weight concern aspect of psychology of eating behaviour
A
meaning of food, meaning of weight, body dissatisfaction, dieting
10
Q
3 aspects of cognitive part of psychology of eating behaviour
A
beliefs, attitudes, values
11
Q
3 aspects of developmental part of psychology of eating behaviour
A
exposure, social learning, association
12
Q
dieting and …. causally linked
A
binging
13
Q
cognitive shifts of eating behaviour (5)
A
mood modification, denial, escape theory, overeating as relapse, role of control
14
Q
factors that lead from dieting to overeating (8)
A
denial, loss of control, internal attributions, high risk situations, self-awareness, transcending boundaries, cognitive shifts, mood modification
15
Q
initial management of evaluating consciousness (ABCDE)
A
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability/neurology, Exposure and environment control
16
Q
Basic neurological assessment (AVPU)
A
alert, verbal stimulus response, painful stimuli response, unresponsive
17
Q
Glasgow Coma Scale breakdown
A
motor response /6, verbal response /5, eye response /4
18
Q
Higher score on Glasgow Coma Scale means
A
more responsive
19
Q
Bolam guidelines
A
decision made is fine as long as medical professional of same level within same speciality would have made same decision
20
Q
4 ways treatment can be provided to adults who lack capacity
A
“best interests” decision, welfare attorney, Court of Protection deputy appointed, under mental health legislation
21
Q
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 3 main events
A
illness onset, heart attack, outcome
22
Q
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 3 aspects of outcome
A
longevity, recovery, quality of life
23
Q
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 5 behaviour affecting illness onset
A
diet, exercise, smoking, screening, type A behaviour
24
Q
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 main concepts contributing to illness onset
A
beliefs and behaviours
25
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 4 beliefs affecting illness onset
susceptibility, seriousness, costs, benefits
26
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 aspects of rehabilitation
behaviour change, belief change
27
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 aspects that contribute to illness onset and heart attack
coping with illness, illness representation
28
ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 factors important between heart attack and outcome
rehabilitation, illness as stressor
29
ADHERENCE: 6 challenges of adherence
interference with other aspects of life; symptoms not present; symptoms inconsistent; treatments change; doctors change; additional comorbid conditions
30
ADHERENCE: 5 key beliefs about illness/symptoms
identity (beliefs about nature of illness); consequences (personal impact); case; cure/control; time (chronic, acute, cyclical)
31
ADHERENCE: 5 concerns about treatment:
harmful side effects; addictive; immunity/tolerance; masking symptoms; chemical vs natural
32
ADHERENCE: self efficacy =
individual's belief in capability to exercise control over challenging demands
33
ADHERENCE: compression =
overestimate low risks, underestimate high risks
34
ADHERENCE: miscalibration =
overestimate accuracy of own knowledge
35
ADHERENCE: availability =
overestimate notorious risks
36
ADHERENCE: optimism =
underestimate personal susceptibility
37
ADHERENCE: nocebo effect =
opposite of placebo effect
38
risk of side effects ,percentage to be common
1-10%
39
risk of side effects, percentage to be rare
0.01-1%
40
ADHERENCE: ... people less likely to adhere
young
41
ADHERENCE: 7 memory enhancing techniques
primacy effects; explicit categorisation; specific advice; recency events; test out patient knowledge; practice then and there; reinforce and reward
42
ADHERENCE: 6 ways to improve adherence
ensure treatment advice is realistic and attainable; assess emotional state; improve communication and doctor-patient relationship; assess beliefs and understanding; identify specific behaviours (don't be vague); memory enhancing techniques
43
5 features of local area which may influence health
physical features of shared environment e.g. water, air, climate; availability of healthy environment at work, home, leisure; reputation of area; sociocultural features of neighbourhood (political, crime, ethnic, economic, religious); services provided to support daily life e.g. education, transport, council services
44
advanced trauma life support primary survey (ABCDE) =
A= airway, B=breathing, C=circulation, D=disability/neurology, E=exposure and environmental control
45
advanced trauma life support secondary survey = history + AMPLE =
A=allergies, M=medication currently used, P= past illness/pregancy, L=last meal, E=events/environment related to injury
46
PTSD: 7 risk factors
female, lack of education, poor background, previous mental health problems, ethnic minority, previous trauma exposure, family history of mental illness
47
PTSD: 5 symptoms
increased arousal, emotionally numb, avoid anything which could trigger memories, pessimistic future outlook, recurring thoughts, memories etc
48
Bystander effect =
probability of help inversely proportionate to number of bystanders
49
3 components of bystander effect
ambiguity, cohesiveness, diffusion of responsibility
50
CBT: 4 influences of pain (sources)
cognitive (meaning of pain), emotional (emotions associated with pain), physiological (impulses sent from site of damage), behavioural (pain behaviour to increase/ decrease pain)
51
CBT: 3 methods used in CBT treatment approaches
respondent methods e.g. relaxation; cognitive methods e.g. attention diversion; behavioral methods e.g. reinforcement
52
CBT: 7 objectives and interventions to improve self-control
combat demoralisation, enhance outcome efficacy, foster self efficacy, break up automatic maladaptive coping patterns, skills training, self attribution, facilitate maintenance
53
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - combat demoralisation =
reconceptualise problems to make manageable
54
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - enhance outcome efficacy =
believe in CBT approach
55
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - foster self-efficacy =
believe they can be resourceful and competent
56
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - break up automatic maladaptive coping patterns =
monitor emotional and behavioural coping strategies that increase pain
57
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - skills training =
taught range of adaptive coping responses
58
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - self attribution =
accept responsibility for success of treatment
59
CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - facilitate maintenance =
taught how to anticipate problems and consider ways of dealing with these
60
percentage of PTSD sufferers who respond to CBT
75%
61
4 PTSD CBT treatment components -
psychoeducation, exposure, cognitive restructuring, anxiety management
62
4 PTSD CBT treatment components - psychoeducation =
info given, legitimise trauma reaction, establish rational treatment
63
4 PTSD CBT treatment components - exposure =
relive and correct beliefs. habituation reduces anxiety and enhances self-mastery. promotes correctional behaviour and as discrete event
64
4 PTSD CBT treatment components - cognitive restructuring =
teach patients to identify and evaluate evidence for thoughts and beliefs
65
4 PTSD CBT treatment components - anxiety management =
coping skills provided and stress inoculation
66
hyperstress =
high stress
67
hypostress =
low stress
68
eustress =
good stress
69
distress =
bad stress
70
Cannon's flight or fight model suggests
external threats initiate fight or flight response
71
Lazarus (transactional model of stress) says stress is an
interaction
72
Lazarus (transactional model of stress) says there is a response when
individual believes demands outweigh capacity
73
Lazarus (transactional model of stress) is central around perceived stressor and
perceived ability to cope
74
Selye's general adaptation syndrome - 3 stages of stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
75
stress reactivity =
different appraisals of stressor - primary and secondary appraisal
76
stress recovery =
variability in rate of recovery
77
allostatic load =
body's physiological systems constantly fluctuate as respond and recover from stress - recovery less and less complete as time progresses leaving feeling depleted
78
stress resistance =
some people remain healthy when stressed - adaptive coping techniques, personality characteristics and social support affect this
79
7 examples of non-adherence to treatment
not taking enough medication, taking too much medication, not observing correct interval between doses, not maintaining correct duration, taking additional unprescribed medicines, not attending appointments, not following advice about health or illness
80
Coping with diagnosis (Shontz 1975) 3 stages
shock > encounter reaction (loss, helplessness) > retreat
81
3 stages in adjustment to physical illness and cognitive adaptation (Taylor et al 1984)
search for meaning > search for mastery > process of self-enhancement
82
3 stages of Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness
Interpretation, coping, appraisal
83
Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 5 representations of health threat
identity, cause, consequences, time line, cure/control
84
Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 3 emotional responses to health threat
fear, anxiety, depression
85
Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 2 aspects of interpretation of illness
symptom perception, social messages > deviation from norm
86
Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 3 parts of coping
approach, coping, avoidance coping
87
Leventhal's self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: meaning of appraisal
was coping strategy effective?
88
Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 3 aspects of background factors
demographic and social; physical/social/environmental; illness-related
89
Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 2 categories of adaptive tasks
illness specific, general tasks
90
Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 3 categories of coping skills
appraisal focussed, problem focussed, emotion focussed
91
Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 5 causes of physical illness:
changes in identity, changes in location, changes in role, changes in social support, changes in the future
92
addict =
no control over behaviour, lacks moral fibre, has addictive behaviour, has maladaptive coping mechanism
93
addiction =
need for drug, use of substance psychologically and physiologically addictive, showing tolerance and withdrawal
94
dependency =
showing psychological and physiological withdrawal
95
drug =
addictive substance, causes dependency, any medical substance
96
moral model of addiction says addict has chosen to behave excessively and therefore deserves ... (acknowledge responsibility) not ... (denying responsibility)
punishment; treatment
97
first disease concept sees addiction as an ..... and addicts passively succumb to influence
illness
98
second disease concept says that the substance is not the problem, what is?
addicted individual
99
social learning theory says that behaviour is shaped by interaction with ... and ...
environment and others
100
social learning theory sees addiction as a ... behaviour
learned
101
4 ways behaviour is learned
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning/ remodelling, cognitive factors
102
classical conditioning =
associative learning
103
operant conditioning involves
positive / negative reinforcement
104
observational learning/ remodelling relies on
the influence of significant others
105
cognitive factors (3)
self image, problem solving behaviour, coping mechanisms
106
4 stages of substance use
initiation, maintenance, cessation as a process, relapse
107
4 stages of cessation
pre-contemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance
108
5 beliefs affecting initiation and maintenance of substance use
susceptibility, seriousness, costs, benefits, expectancies
109
3 social factors affecting initiation and maintenance of substance use
parental behaviour, parental beliefs, peer pressure
110
2 perspectives of clinical interventions affecting cessation of substance use
disease perspective, social learning perspective
111
4 public health interventions affecting cessation of substance abuse
doctor's advice, worksite interventions, community approaches, government policy
112
3 things affecting relapse prevention (substance use)
coping, expectancies, attributions
113
relapse prevention intervention strategies (Marlatt and Gordon, 1985) 5 stages of relapse
high risk situation, no coping response, decreased self-efficacy, lapse, abstinence violation
