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Sem 2 > Psychosocial > Flashcards

Psychosocial Flashcards

1
Q

BMI is a measure of weight related to

A

height

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2
Q

BMI is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by

A

square of height in metres

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3
Q

BMI is less accurate in which kind of people

A

very muscular

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4
Q

BMI less than 18.5 =

A

underweight

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5
Q

BMI 18.5-24.9 =

A

normal

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6
Q

BMI 25-29.9 =

A

overweight

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7
Q

BMI 30-39.9 =

A

obese

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8
Q

BMI 40+ =

A

very obese

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9
Q

4 parts of weight concern aspect of psychology of eating behaviour

A

meaning of food, meaning of weight, body dissatisfaction, dieting

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10
Q

3 aspects of cognitive part of psychology of eating behaviour

A

beliefs, attitudes, values

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11
Q

3 aspects of developmental part of psychology of eating behaviour

A

exposure, social learning, association

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12
Q

dieting and …. causally linked

A

binging

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13
Q

cognitive shifts of eating behaviour (5)

A

mood modification, denial, escape theory, overeating as relapse, role of control

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14
Q

factors that lead from dieting to overeating (8)

A

denial, loss of control, internal attributions, high risk situations, self-awareness, transcending boundaries, cognitive shifts, mood modification

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15
Q

initial management of evaluating consciousness (ABCDE)

A

Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability/neurology, Exposure and environment control

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16
Q

Basic neurological assessment (AVPU)

A

alert, verbal stimulus response, painful stimuli response, unresponsive

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17
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale breakdown

A

motor response /6, verbal response /5, eye response /4

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18
Q

Higher score on Glasgow Coma Scale means

A

more responsive

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19
Q

Bolam guidelines

A

decision made is fine as long as medical professional of same level within same speciality would have made same decision

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20
Q

4 ways treatment can be provided to adults who lack capacity

A

“best interests” decision, welfare attorney, Court of Protection deputy appointed, under mental health legislation

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21
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 3 main events

A

illness onset, heart attack, outcome

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22
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 3 aspects of outcome

A

longevity, recovery, quality of life

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23
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 5 behaviour affecting illness onset

A

diet, exercise, smoking, screening, type A behaviour

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24
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 main concepts contributing to illness onset

A

beliefs and behaviours

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25
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 4 beliefs affecting illness onset

A

susceptibility, seriousness, costs, benefits

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26
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 aspects of rehabilitation

A

behaviour change, belief change

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27
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 aspects that contribute to illness onset and heart attack

A

coping with illness, illness representation

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28
Q

ILLNESS BELIEFS AND CHD: 2 factors important between heart attack and outcome

A

rehabilitation, illness as stressor

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29
Q

ADHERENCE: 6 challenges of adherence

A

interference with other aspects of life; symptoms not present; symptoms inconsistent; treatments change; doctors change; additional comorbid conditions

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30
Q

ADHERENCE: 5 key beliefs about illness/symptoms

A

identity (beliefs about nature of illness); consequences (personal impact); case; cure/control; time (chronic, acute, cyclical)

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31
Q

ADHERENCE: 5 concerns about treatment:

A

harmful side effects; addictive; immunity/tolerance; masking symptoms; chemical vs natural

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32
Q

ADHERENCE: self efficacy =

A

individual’s belief in capability to exercise control over challenging demands

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33
Q

ADHERENCE: compression =

A

overestimate low risks, underestimate high risks

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34
Q

ADHERENCE: miscalibration =

A

overestimate accuracy of own knowledge

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35
Q

ADHERENCE: availability =

A

overestimate notorious risks

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36
Q

ADHERENCE: optimism =

A

underestimate personal susceptibility

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37
Q

ADHERENCE: nocebo effect =

A

opposite of placebo effect

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38
Q

risk of side effects ,percentage to be common

A

1-10%

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39
Q

risk of side effects, percentage to be rare

A

0.01-1%

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40
Q

ADHERENCE: … people less likely to adhere

A

young

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41
Q

ADHERENCE: 7 memory enhancing techniques

A

primacy effects; explicit categorisation; specific advice; recency events; test out patient knowledge; practice then and there; reinforce and reward

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42
Q

ADHERENCE: 6 ways to improve adherence

A

ensure treatment advice is realistic and attainable; assess emotional state; improve communication and doctor-patient relationship; assess beliefs and understanding; identify specific behaviours (don’t be vague); memory enhancing techniques

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43
Q

5 features of local area which may influence health

A

physical features of shared environment e.g. water, air, climate; availability of healthy environment at work, home, leisure; reputation of area; sociocultural features of neighbourhood (political, crime, ethnic, economic, religious); services provided to support daily life e.g. education, transport, council services

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44
Q

advanced trauma life support primary survey (ABCDE) =

A

A= airway, B=breathing, C=circulation, D=disability/neurology, E=exposure and environmental control

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45
Q

advanced trauma life support secondary survey = history + AMPLE =

A

A=allergies, M=medication currently used, P= past illness/pregancy, L=last meal, E=events/environment related to injury

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46
Q

PTSD: 7 risk factors

A

female, lack of education, poor background, previous mental health problems, ethnic minority, previous trauma exposure, family history of mental illness

47
Q

PTSD: 5 symptoms

A

increased arousal, emotionally numb, avoid anything which could trigger memories, pessimistic future outlook, recurring thoughts, memories etc

48
Q

Bystander effect =

A

probability of help inversely proportionate to number of bystanders

49
Q

3 components of bystander effect

A

ambiguity, cohesiveness, diffusion of responsibility

50
Q

CBT: 4 influences of pain (sources)

A

cognitive (meaning of pain), emotional (emotions associated with pain), physiological (impulses sent from site of damage), behavioural (pain behaviour to increase/ decrease pain)

51
Q

CBT: 3 methods used in CBT treatment approaches

A

respondent methods e.g. relaxation; cognitive methods e.g. attention diversion; behavioral methods e.g. reinforcement

52
Q

CBT: 7 objectives and interventions to improve self-control

A

combat demoralisation, enhance outcome efficacy, foster self efficacy, break up automatic maladaptive coping patterns, skills training, self attribution, facilitate maintenance

53
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - combat demoralisation =

A

reconceptualise problems to make manageable

54
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - enhance outcome efficacy =

A

believe in CBT approach

55
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - foster self-efficacy =

A

believe they can be resourceful and competent

56
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - break up automatic maladaptive coping patterns =

A

monitor emotional and behavioural coping strategies that increase pain

57
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - skills training =

A

taught range of adaptive coping responses

58
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - self attribution =

A

accept responsibility for success of treatment

59
Q

CBT: objectives and interventions to improve self-control - facilitate maintenance =

A

taught how to anticipate problems and consider ways of dealing with these

60
Q

percentage of PTSD sufferers who respond to CBT

A

75%

61
Q

4 PTSD CBT treatment components -

A

psychoeducation, exposure, cognitive restructuring, anxiety management

62
Q

4 PTSD CBT treatment components - psychoeducation =

A

info given, legitimise trauma reaction, establish rational treatment

63
Q

4 PTSD CBT treatment components - exposure =

A

relive and correct beliefs. habituation reduces anxiety and enhances self-mastery. promotes correctional behaviour and as discrete event

64
Q

4 PTSD CBT treatment components - cognitive restructuring =

A

teach patients to identify and evaluate evidence for thoughts and beliefs

65
Q

4 PTSD CBT treatment components - anxiety management =

A

coping skills provided and stress inoculation

66
Q

hyperstress =

A

high stress

67
Q

hypostress =

A

low stress

68
Q

eustress =

A

good stress

69
Q

distress =

A

bad stress

70
Q

Cannon’s flight or fight model suggests

A

external threats initiate fight or flight response

71
Q

Lazarus (transactional model of stress) says stress is an

A

interaction

72
Q

Lazarus (transactional model of stress) says there is a response when

A

individual believes demands outweigh capacity

73
Q

Lazarus (transactional model of stress) is central around perceived stressor and

A

perceived ability to cope

74
Q

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome - 3 stages of stress

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

75
Q

stress reactivity =

A

different appraisals of stressor - primary and secondary appraisal

76
Q

stress recovery =

A

variability in rate of recovery

77
Q

allostatic load =

A

body’s physiological systems constantly fluctuate as respond and recover from stress - recovery less and less complete as time progresses leaving feeling depleted

78
Q

stress resistance =

A

some people remain healthy when stressed - adaptive coping techniques, personality characteristics and social support affect this

79
Q

7 examples of non-adherence to treatment

A

not taking enough medication, taking too much medication, not observing correct interval between doses, not maintaining correct duration, taking additional unprescribed medicines, not attending appointments, not following advice about health or illness

80
Q

Coping with diagnosis (Shontz 1975) 3 stages

A

shock > encounter reaction (loss, helplessness) > retreat

81
Q

3 stages in adjustment to physical illness and cognitive adaptation (Taylor et al 1984)

A

search for meaning > search for mastery > process of self-enhancement

82
Q

3 stages of Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness

A

Interpretation, coping, appraisal

83
Q

Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 5 representations of health threat

A

identity, cause, consequences, time line, cure/control

84
Q

Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 3 emotional responses to health threat

A

fear, anxiety, depression

85
Q

Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 2 aspects of interpretation of illness

A

symptom perception, social messages > deviation from norm

86
Q

Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: 3 parts of coping

A

approach, coping, avoidance coping

87
Q

Leventhal’s self regulatory model of adaptation to illness: meaning of appraisal

A

was coping strategy effective?

88
Q

Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 3 aspects of background factors

A

demographic and social; physical/social/environmental; illness-related

89
Q

Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 2 categories of adaptive tasks

A

illness specific, general tasks

90
Q

Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 3 categories of coping skills

A

appraisal focussed, problem focussed, emotion focussed

91
Q

Crisis theory (Moos and Schaefer, 1984) 5 causes of physical illness:

A

changes in identity, changes in location, changes in role, changes in social support, changes in the future

92
Q

addict =

A

no control over behaviour, lacks moral fibre, has addictive behaviour, has maladaptive coping mechanism

93
Q

addiction =

A

need for drug, use of substance psychologically and physiologically addictive, showing tolerance and withdrawal

94
Q

dependency =

A

showing psychological and physiological withdrawal

95
Q

drug =

A

addictive substance, causes dependency, any medical substance

96
Q

moral model of addiction says addict has chosen to behave excessively and therefore deserves … (acknowledge responsibility) not … (denying responsibility)

A

punishment; treatment

97
Q

first disease concept sees addiction as an ….. and addicts passively succumb to influence

A

illness

98
Q

second disease concept says that the substance is not the problem, what is?

A

addicted individual

99
Q

social learning theory says that behaviour is shaped by interaction with … and …

A

environment and others

100
Q

social learning theory sees addiction as a … behaviour

A

learned

101
Q

4 ways behaviour is learned

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning/ remodelling, cognitive factors

102
Q

classical conditioning =

A

associative learning

103
Q

operant conditioning involves

A

positive / negative reinforcement

104
Q

observational learning/ remodelling relies on

A

the influence of significant others

105
Q

cognitive factors (3)

A

self image, problem solving behaviour, coping mechanisms

106
Q

4 stages of substance use

A

initiation, maintenance, cessation as a process, relapse

107
Q

4 stages of cessation

A

pre-contemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance

108
Q

5 beliefs affecting initiation and maintenance of substance use

A

susceptibility, seriousness, costs, benefits, expectancies

109
Q

3 social factors affecting initiation and maintenance of substance use

A

parental behaviour, parental beliefs, peer pressure

110
Q

2 perspectives of clinical interventions affecting cessation of substance use

A

disease perspective, social learning perspective

111
Q

4 public health interventions affecting cessation of substance abuse

A

doctor’s advice, worksite interventions, community approaches, government policy

112
Q

3 things affecting relapse prevention (substance use)

A

coping, expectancies, attributions

113
Q

relapse prevention intervention strategies (Marlatt and Gordon, 1985) 5 stages of relapse

A

high risk situation, no coping response, decreased self-efficacy, lapse, abstinence violation

Sem 2 (11 decks)

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