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1
Q

Glandular fever is infection with

A

Epstein-Barr virus - type of Herpes

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2
Q

Symptoms of glandular fever include (3)

A

small purple spots on roof of mouth, pain behind eyes, jaundice

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3
Q

foeto-maternal haemorrhage is when

A

foetal blood cells enter maternal circulation

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4
Q

foeto-maternal haemorrhage is due to disruption of

A

membrane in placenta (cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast)

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5
Q

how can a mother develop rhesus haemolytic disease?

A

mother RhD-/ foetus RhD+ -> anti-D antibodies -> cross placenta

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6
Q

kleinhauer test

A

blood test that measures amount of foetal Hb transferred to mother

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7
Q

In Rh- mothers, postnatal Anti-D prophylaxis prevents

A

rhesus disease in future Rh+ children

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8
Q

adrenal gland releases ….. in response to long term stress

A

hydrocortisone

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9
Q

adrenal gland releases ….. in response to short term stress

A

adrenaline

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10
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: ….. infection with ….. streptococci

A

Pharyngeal; group A

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11
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: affects (4)

A

heart, skin, joints, CNS

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12
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: usually affects (age range)

A

5-15 years

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13
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: ….. reaction triggered by molecular mimicry between cell wall … ….. of streptococci pyrogens and cardiac myosin and lamini

A

autoimmune; M proteins

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14
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: what type of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

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15
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: characteristic lesion of rheumatic carditis =

A

Aschoff nodule

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16
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: rheumatic valves have increased expression of …… (mediates adhesion of lymphocytes)

A

VCAM1

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17
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: inflammation and valve scarring mainly due to …… …. infiltration

A

CD4+ T cell

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18
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: presents suddenly with (4)

A

fever, joint pains, malaise, lack of appetite

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19
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: diagnosis based on …

A

Modified Jones criteria

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20
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: diagnosis needs to meet 2 major / 1 major +&raquo_space;> minor of Jone’s criteria

A

2

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21
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: major criteria (5)

A

carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules

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22
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: minor criteria (7)

A

fever, arthralgia, previous rheumatic fever, leukocytosis, raised ESR/ C-reactive protein, prolonged PR interval on ECG, evidence of antecedent streptococcal infection

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23
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: more than 50% of people who had rheumatic fever with carditis suffer 10-20yrs later from

A

chronic rheumatic valvular disease

24
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: chronic rheumatic valvular disease mainly affects

A

mitral/aortic valves

25
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood volume and ....... therefore influencing Co and arterial pressure
systemic vascular resistance
26
Renin =
proteolytic enzyme, released by kidneys and stimulates angiotensin formation and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
27
primary site of storage for renin
juxtaglomerular cells associated with afferent arteriole
28
renin release is inhibited by
increase of NaCl in tubular fluid
29
vascular endothelium (particularly in lungs) has
ACE
30
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulated by (2)
mechanisms stimulating renin release and natriuretic peptides released by heart
31
5 important functions of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
stimulate cardiac and vascular hypertrophy; stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex; stimulates brain thirst centres; stimulates release of vasopressin from posterior pituitary (kidney fluid retention); enhances sympathetic adrenergic function
32
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: definition
soft tissue swelling due to accumulation of interstitial fluid
33
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: causes (15)
pitting dependent oedema, varicose veins, cardiac, drugs, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, pregnancy, high altitude, iodiopathic, post-thrombotic syndrome, pitting localised limb oedema, non-pitting lower limb oedema, lyphoedema, allergy
34
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: pitting dependent oedema leads to peripheral oedema because
immobility ? increased fluid pressure from venous stasis
35
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: varicose veins lead to peripheral oedema because
obesity > sodium ion and water retention
36
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: cardiac problems lead to peripheral oedema because
increased fluid pressure, right heart failure, constrictive pericarditis
37
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: drugs can lead to peripheral oedema becausae
sodium and water retention from calcium antagonists, NSAIDs, insulin, prolonged steroid therapy
38
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: 4 symptoms
anaemia, breathlessness, lung cancer, pleural effusions
39
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: dependent oedema seen in
otherwise well patients
40
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: depend oedema usually due to
benign cause such as immobility and varicose veins
41
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: pulmonary or ankle oedema usually due to
cardiac failure
42
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: of hands / face usually due to
hypoproteinaemia (seen after lying down), angiodema
43
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: ascites usually due to (3)
liver failure, protein malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome
44
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: unilateral swelling (particularly calf) usually due to
DVT
45
PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: scrotal sac usually due to
hydroceles (nephrotic syndrome)
46
CHEST X RAY: anterior-posterior (AP) projection used if patient is
too unwell to stand
47
CHEST X RAY: Can tell if AP because medial border of scapula
overlaps lung
48
Purulent sputum contains (5)
pus, WBCs, cellular debris, dead tissue, mucus
49
rusty coloured sputum indicates
pneumococcal bacteria (pneumonia)
50
blood streaked sputum indicates
inflammation of throat, bronchi, lung cnacer
51
pink sputum indicates
sputum evenly mixed with blood from alveoli/small bronchi
52
lots of blood in sputum indicates
cavity TB of lung, lung abscess, infarction, embolism, bronchiectasis
53
yellow-green (mucopurulent) sputum can be treated with
antibiotics
54
green sputum indicates
neutrophil myeloperoxidase
55
frothy pink sputum indicates
pulmonary oedema
56
foamy white sputum indicates
obstruction or sometimes oedema
57
white, milk, opaque (mucoid) sputum suggests
antibiotics will be ineffective

Sem 2 (11 decks)

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