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Sem 2 > Other > Flashcards

Other Flashcards

1
Q

Glandular fever is infection with

A

Epstein-Barr virus - type of Herpes

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2
Q

Symptoms of glandular fever include (3)

A

small purple spots on roof of mouth, pain behind eyes, jaundice

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3
Q

foeto-maternal haemorrhage is when

A

foetal blood cells enter maternal circulation

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4
Q

foeto-maternal haemorrhage is due to disruption of

A

membrane in placenta (cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast)

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5
Q

how can a mother develop rhesus haemolytic disease?

A

mother RhD-/ foetus RhD+ -> anti-D antibodies -> cross placenta

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6
Q

kleinhauer test

A

blood test that measures amount of foetal Hb transferred to mother

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7
Q

In Rh- mothers, postnatal Anti-D prophylaxis prevents

A

rhesus disease in future Rh+ children

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8
Q

adrenal gland releases ….. in response to long term stress

A

hydrocortisone

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9
Q

adrenal gland releases ….. in response to short term stress

A

adrenaline

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10
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: ….. infection with ….. streptococci

A

Pharyngeal; group A

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11
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: affects (4)

A

heart, skin, joints, CNS

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12
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: usually affects (age range)

A

5-15 years

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13
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: ….. reaction triggered by molecular mimicry between cell wall … ….. of streptococci pyrogens and cardiac myosin and lamini

A

autoimmune; M proteins

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14
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: what type of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

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15
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: characteristic lesion of rheumatic carditis =

A

Aschoff nodule

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16
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: rheumatic valves have increased expression of …… (mediates adhesion of lymphocytes)

A

VCAM1

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17
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: inflammation and valve scarring mainly due to …… …. infiltration

A

CD4+ T cell

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18
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: presents suddenly with (4)

A

fever, joint pains, malaise, lack of appetite

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19
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: diagnosis based on …

A

Modified Jones criteria

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20
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: diagnosis needs to meet 2 major / 1 major +&raquo_space;> minor of Jone’s criteria

A

2

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21
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: major criteria (5)

A

carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules

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22
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: minor criteria (7)

A

fever, arthralgia, previous rheumatic fever, leukocytosis, raised ESR/ C-reactive protein, prolonged PR interval on ECG, evidence of antecedent streptococcal infection

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23
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: more than 50% of people who had rheumatic fever with carditis suffer 10-20yrs later from

A

chronic rheumatic valvular disease

24
Q

RHEUMATIC FEVER: chronic rheumatic valvular disease mainly affects

A

mitral/aortic valves

25
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood volume and ……. therefore influencing Co and arterial pressure

A

systemic vascular resistance

26
Q

Renin =

A

proteolytic enzyme, released by kidneys and stimulates angiotensin formation and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

27
Q

primary site of storage for renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells associated with afferent arteriole

28
Q

renin release is inhibited by

A

increase of NaCl in tubular fluid

29
Q

vascular endothelium (particularly in lungs) has

A

ACE

30
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulated by (2)

A

mechanisms stimulating renin release and natriuretic peptides released by heart

31
Q

5 important functions of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

stimulate cardiac and vascular hypertrophy; stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex; stimulates brain thirst centres; stimulates release of vasopressin from posterior pituitary (kidney fluid retention); enhances sympathetic adrenergic function

32
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: definition

A

soft tissue swelling due to accumulation of interstitial fluid

33
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: causes (15)

A

pitting dependent oedema, varicose veins, cardiac, drugs, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, pregnancy, high altitude, iodiopathic, post-thrombotic syndrome, pitting localised limb oedema, non-pitting lower limb oedema, lyphoedema, allergy

34
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: pitting dependent oedema leads to peripheral oedema because

A

immobility ? increased fluid pressure from venous stasis

35
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: varicose veins lead to peripheral oedema because

A

obesity > sodium ion and water retention

36
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: cardiac problems lead to peripheral oedema because

A

increased fluid pressure, right heart failure, constrictive pericarditis

37
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: drugs can lead to peripheral oedema becausae

A

sodium and water retention from calcium antagonists, NSAIDs, insulin, prolonged steroid therapy

38
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: 4 symptoms

A

anaemia, breathlessness, lung cancer, pleural effusions

39
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: dependent oedema seen in

A

otherwise well patients

40
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: depend oedema usually due to

A

benign cause such as immobility and varicose veins

41
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: pulmonary or ankle oedema usually due to

A

cardiac failure

42
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: of hands / face usually due to

A

hypoproteinaemia (seen after lying down), angiodema

43
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: ascites usually due to (3)

A

liver failure, protein malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome

44
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: unilateral swelling (particularly calf) usually due to

A

DVT

45
Q

PERIPHERAL OEDEMA: scrotal sac usually due to

A

hydroceles (nephrotic syndrome)

46
Q

CHEST X RAY: anterior-posterior (AP) projection used if patient is

A

too unwell to stand

47
Q

CHEST X RAY: Can tell if AP because medial border of scapula

A

overlaps lung

48
Q

Purulent sputum contains (5)

A

pus, WBCs, cellular debris, dead tissue, mucus

49
Q

rusty coloured sputum indicates

A

pneumococcal bacteria (pneumonia)

50
Q

blood streaked sputum indicates

A

inflammation of throat, bronchi, lung cnacer

51
Q

pink sputum indicates

A

sputum evenly mixed with blood from alveoli/small bronchi

52
Q

lots of blood in sputum indicates

A

cavity TB of lung, lung abscess, infarction, embolism, bronchiectasis

53
Q

yellow-green (mucopurulent) sputum can be treated with

A

antibiotics

54
Q

green sputum indicates

A

neutrophil myeloperoxidase

55
Q

frothy pink sputum indicates

A

pulmonary oedema

56
Q

foamy white sputum indicates

A

obstruction or sometimes oedema

57
Q

white, milk, opaque (mucoid) sputum suggests

A

antibiotics will be ineffective

Sem 2 (11 decks)

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