Psychosis

Question 1

What was the behaviourist view of talking about voice hearing?

Answer 1

It was rewarding so should not be done as it reinforced.

Question 2

When is voice hearing particularly common?

Answer 2

Transitioning between sleep and wakefulness
Hearing somebody shout your name
After bereavement

Question 3

What are the four components to the Stress-Vulnerability Model (Zubin & Spring, 1977)?

Answer 3

Vulnerability
Stress
Coping (helpful or unhelpful)

Question 4

Who coined the Stress-Vulnerability Model?

Answer 4

Zubin and Spring (1977)

Question 5

What are the top 3 most likely content of voices?

Answer 5

Commands
Criticism
Abusive

Question 6

Who identified the distinctions between ‘copers’ and ‘non-copers’ in voice hearing?

Answer 6

Romme and Escher (1993)

Question 7

What are 3 things that ‘copers’ with voice hearing are able to do?

Answer 7

Believe they are stronger than the voices
Set limits on the voices
Talk about their voices more often

Question 8

What is the aim of CBT for psychosis?

Answer 8

To reduce distress and dysfunction

Question 9

What are three short term strategies for voice hearing?

Answer 9

Distraction
Selective Listening
Relaxation

Question 10

What are three long term strategies for voice hearing?

Answer 10

Accepting the voices
Keeping a record of the voices
Expressing yourself

Question 11

Who created voice dialogue?

Answer 11

Ron Coleman

Question 12

What is voice profiling?

Answer 12

Understanding the voice and its identity

Question 13

What is Object Relations Theory about?

Answer 13

The relationship between the self and the outside ‘others’

Question 14

How is Object Relations Theory relevant to psychosis/voice hearing?

Answer 14

We all have different ‘selves’ which are presented to different ‘objects’, often learned from parent styles and childhood experiences. If these selves cannot be integrated, this can result in a split sense of self and hearing of ‘voices’.

Question 15

What is the aim of voice dialogue?

Answer 15

To enable a person to heighten their awareness of the various selves the contain.

Question 16

What symptoms of psychosis does CBTp work with?

Answer 16

unusual ideas and hallucinations

Question 17

What is CBTp’s equation to explain why delusional beliefs develop?

Answer 17

Unusual perceptions
\+
Need for explanations
\+
Cognitive errors
=
Unusual appraisals
\+
Time
=
Unusual beliefs

Question 18

What are the thinking errors thought to occur in psychosis?

Answer 18

Jumping to conclusions

Question 19

What are the two dissociative models?

Answer 19

Psychodynamic

Cognitive

Question 20

What does the cognitive model say about dissociation?

Answer 20

That it is due to a deficit - the mind is not able to cope, becomes overwhelmed and so dissociates.

Question 21

What does the psychodynamic model say about dissociation?

Answer 21

That it is functional - the mind actively splits off the trauma in order to maintain coping in the short term.

Question 22

What is the assumption underlying psychodynamicism?

Answer 22

A person needs to get from the external what they need for their inbuilt biological needs, if they can’t then biological processes will take over.

Question 23

What is the ‘apparently normal personality’?

Answer 23

The sense of the self as a whole.

Question 24

What are Emotional Personalities?

Answer 24

Fragments of the self that are unmanageable or not integrated into the ‘Apparently Normal Personality’.

Question 25

What are the three Emotional Personalities in BPD?

Answer 25

Anxious/vulnerable/needy
Angry/Rejecting
Hurt/Rejected

Question 26

What is the apparently normal personality like in Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Answer 26

Non-existant, non of the emotional personalities can be integrated to have any kind of unified sense of self.

Question 27

List five similarities between schizophrenia and PTSD?

Answer 27

Unwanted intrusions
Hypervigilance
Numbing/detachment
Paranoia
Safety behaviours

Question 28

Name two biological model of schizophrenia.

Answer 28

Dopamine hypothesis

Corollary Discharge

Question 29

What is Corollary Discharge?

Answer 29

The brain has networks which let each part of it know what is happening in other parts. If this goes wrong then internal events could be interpreted as external.