Psychopharmacology, Drugs, and Addiction

Question 1

What kind of tolerance is characterized by exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act on the same receptor?

Answer 1

Cross Tolerance

Question 2

What kind of tolerance is characterized by the body getting better at breaking the drug down, so less gets to the receptor site?

Answer 2

Metabolic Tolerance

Question 3

What kind of tolerance is characterized by decreased responsiveness to a drug at the site of action?

Answer 3

Functional Tolerance

Question 4

What kind of tolerance is developed when the situation surrounding the drug use is consistent?

Answer 4

Conditioned Tolerance

Question 5

Define agonist

Answer 5

A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a neurotransmitter

Question 6

Define antagonist

Answer 6

A drug that blocks or decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter

Question 7

What does activity in the mesolimbic part of the dopaminergic pathway signal?

Answer 7

Reward/Reinforcement pathwat

Question 8

What are two natural reinforcers for the dopaminergic pathway?

Answer 8

Food and Sex

Question 9

What is nicotines receptor?

Answer 9

Nicotine Ach receptor

Question 10

What is nicotines natural ligand?

Answer 10

Acetylcholine

Question 11

What are the main effects of nicotine?

Answer 11

Increase HR and BP, euphoria and pleasure, increased alertness

Question 12

What is the receptor for opioids?

Answer 12

Mu opioid receptor

Question 13

What is the natural ligand for opioids?

Answer 13

Endogenous Opioids

Question 14

What are the effects of opioids?

Answer 14

Pain relief, pleasure, and HR slows

Question 15

What are the receptors for THC?

Answer 15

CB1 (brain) and CB2 (periphery)

Question 16

Are Methadone/Suboxone agonist or antagonist receptors?

Answer 16

Agonist

Question 17

What are Methadone and Suboxone used for?

Answer 17

Treat opioid addiction by using this drug rather than a less safe one like heroin

Question 18

Is Narcan an agonist or antagonist receptor?

Answer 18

Antagonist

Question 19

What is Narcan used for?

Answer 19

Stop an opiate overdose by blocking opioid receptors

Question 20

Is Acamprosate an agonist or antagonist receptor?

Answer 20

Antagonist

Question 21

What is Acamprostate used for?

Answer 21

Decreases neural activity during alcohol withdrawal to prevent seizures

Question 22

Is Naltrexone an agonist or antagonist receptor?

Answer 22

Antagonist

Question 23

What is Naltrexone used for?

Answer 23

For alcohol use disorder, it decreases the pleasureful aspect of drinking alcohol

Question 24

What are the four areas of the brain where opioids act?

Answer 24

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla, and Spinal Cord

Question 25

What is the role of opioids in the midbrain?

Answer 25

Reinforcement/Reward Pathways

Question 26

What is the role of opioids in the pons?

Answer 26

Blocks norepinephrine release and decreases stress/memory

Question 27

What is the role of opioids in the medulla?

Answer 27

Respiratory Depression

Question 28

What is the role of opioids in the spinal cord?

Answer 28

Pain Relief

Question 29

Alcohol is a ______ receptor antagonist

Answer 29

Glutamate

Question 30

Alcohol is a _______ receptor agonist

Answer 30

GABA

Question 31

Alcohol increases transmission of what neurotransmitter, that has reinforcing effects?

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

Alcohol acts at what kind of receptors, which is associated with pleasure?

Answer 32

Opioid

Question 33

What part of the brain does alcohol affect in regards to decision making?

Answer 33

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 34

A BAC level of what, carries risk of death due to respiratory depression?

Answer 34

0.5%

Question 35

List 3 things the can cause cravings or relapse

Answer 35

1) Stress 2) Cues/Reminders of the drug 3) Drug Priming

Question 36

List 3 factors that can protect against cravings or relapse

Answer 36

1) Environmental Enrichment 2) Exposure to non-drug reinforcers 3) Seperation

Question 37

Describe the effect of increased serotonin as a result of ecstasy

Answer 37

Perceptual Alterations

Question 38

Describe the effect of increased dopamine as a result of ecstasy

Answer 38

Stimulant

Question 39

Describe the effect of increased oxytocin as a result of ecstasy

Answer 39

Enhance social interactions

Question 40

Describe the effect of increased vasopressin as a result of ecstasy

Answer 40

Water conservation/drinking

Question 41

What are the strong aspects of the biological model of drug addiction?

Answer 41

Supported by scientific research and provides a nonjudgmental approach to treatment

Question 42

What are the weak aspects of the biological model of drug addiction?

Answer 42

Overemphasizes biology and has limited solutions

Question 43

What are the strong aspects of the psychological model of drug addiction?

Answer 43

Focuses on the mental health aspect and suggests therapeutic approaches

Question 44

What are the weak aspects of the psychological model of drug addiction?

Answer 44

Limited focus on biology and potential for overgeneralization

Question 45

What are the strong aspects of the social model of drug addiction?

Answer 45

Focuses on prevention and contextual understanding

Question 46

What are the weak aspects of the social model of drug addiction?

Answer 46

Overemphasis on environment and dependent on social change

Question 47

What are the strong aspects of the moral (choice) model of drug addiction?

Answer 47

Encourages personal responsibility and has a clear ethical framework

Question 48

What are the weak aspects of the moral (choice) model of drug addiction?

Answer 48

Potential for oversimplification and stigmatizing

Question 49

How does ecstasy increase serotonin activity?

Answer 49

Increases the amount released into the synaptic cleft while also blocking serotonin reuptake