psychopharmacology

Question 1

what is psychopharmacology

Answer 1

the use of drugs to alleviate the symptoms of mental illnesses and disorders.

Question 2

extrapyramidal symptoms: cause and defintions

Answer 2

the extrapyramidal system is a neural network that is part of the motor system that causes involuntary reflexes and movement, and movement coordination. this system uses dopamine to regulate motor function

d2 antagonist–>dec Da signaling–>inc ACh signaling—>imbalance of DA and Ach signaling –>EPS

Question 3

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 3

a life threatening idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic drugs.

characterized by fever, altered mental status, muscle rigidity and autonomic dysfunction

treatment: cessation of antipsychotic drugs, active cooling, amantadine (inc dopamine) and dantrolene (muscle relaxant)

Question 4

typical vs. atypical anti psychotic drugs

Answer 4

typical : inc extrapyramidal symptoms and hyperprolactinemia. effective against positive symptoms

atypical: diabetes, lipid abnormalities and weight gain . effective against positive and negative symptoms

Question 5

hallucinations

Answer 5

sensory perception without stimuli

Question 6

delusions

Answer 6

unshakable belief on something untrue

Question 7

schizophrenia

Answer 7

hallucination and delusion, disordered

thinking, social and work dysfunction, > 6 months

Question 8

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 8

Schizophrenia plus a mood

disorder such as depression and bipolar disorder

Question 9

schizophreniform disorder

Answer 9

between 1 and 6 months

Question 10

brief psychotic disorder

Answer 10

event-induced, <1 month

Question 11

positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 11

positive symptoms: abnormal behavior is showing

negative symptoms: normal behavior missing.

Question 12

example of positive symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 12

hallucination and delusion.

Question 13

treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 13

dampen D2 mediated-dopamine signaling. antipsychotic drugs are used for treatment.

MOA: dopamine antagonist (binding of d2 receptor to block dopamine signaling)

Question 14

extrapyramidal symptoms

Answer 14

side effects caused by antipsychotic drugs....
dystonia 
akathisia 
akinesia
tardive dyskinesia
parkinsonism

Question 15

dystonia

Answer 15

involuntary muscles contraction,

causing repetitive or twisting movements

Question 16

akathisia

Answer 16

an inner feeling of restlessness

Question 17

treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 17

dampen D2 mediated-dopamine signaling. antipsychotic drugs are used for treatment.

MOA (mechanism of action): dopamine antagonist (binding of d2 receptor to block dopamine signaling)

Question 18

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 18

repeated and uncontrollable oral facial movements (long term-or permanent )

Question 19

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 19

repeated and uncontrollable oral facial movements (long term-or permanent )**MUST KNOW THIS

Question 20

parkinsonism

Answer 20

Parkinson like motor symptoms

Question 21

chlorpromazine

Answer 21

typical (1st generation) first antipsychotic, sedating, EPS (moderate), inc prolactin, cornea deposits.

Question 22

haloperidol

Answer 22

typical (1st generation) very strong D2 anatgonist, used in condtion that physical restrains is necessary to control patients, EPS (very high), inc prolactin

Question 23

clozapine

Answer 23

atypical (2nd generation )very effective in treating schizophrenia, sedating, weight gain, agranulocytosis

Question 24

olanzapine

Answer 24

atypical (2nd generation) very effective in schizophrenia, weight gain.

Question 25

risperidone

Answer 25

atypical (2nd generation). less sedating, inc prolactin, weight gain (low )

Question 26

bipolar disorder

Answer 26

Formerly called manic depression, is a mental health
condition that causes extreme mood swings that include
emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

CAUSE UNKNOWN

Question 27

bipolar disorder treatment

Answer 27

medications, and psychotherapy

use mood stabilizers (lithium)

Question 28

bipolar disorder treamtment

Answer 28

lithium: old but effective, unknown mechanism of action (MOA), normally combined with antipsychotics

Question 29

lithium

Answer 29

lithium: old but effective, unknown mechanism of action (MOA), normally combined with antipsychotics. used to treat bipolar disorders.

Question 30

clinical concerns of lithium

Answer 30

The therapeutic index for lithium is small, and plasma
titers of Li+ must be carefully monitored
 Adverse effects- GI irritation, hand tremor, muscular
weakness, polyuria, thirst, dry mouth, sleepiness,
lethargy, cold feeling, hair loss, and impotence
 Sodium-restricted diets → ⇑ renal retention of lithium
 Thiazide diuretics → ⇑ renal retention of lithium

lithium can give you hypothyroidism sometimes

Question 31

dental complications of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Answer 31

Antipsychotics cause extrapyramidal symptoms
 Clozapine ⇢ agranulocytosis ⇢ oral candidiasis
 Clozapine ⇢ hyper salivation = problem for dental procedures
 Lithium for bipolar disease ⇢ xerostomia ⇢ ⇑ dental caries
 NSAIDs ⇢ ⇩ renal excretion of lithium ⇢ systemic toxicity
 Lithium ⇢ a metallic taste that can alter the palatability of food