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PBI288 > Psychopharamcology > Flashcards

Psychopharamcology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics

A

1) Absorption: through tissues or blood
2) Distribution: Drug goes to the body and blood
3) Metabolism: Inactive form by liver enzymes
4) Excretion: Through urine by kidneys

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2
Q

What are pharmacodynamics

A

The mechanism and effects of medication with the body. How meds work and what meds work best

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3
Q

What is the dose-reponse curve

A

Shows the effect of the drug depending on the amount administered. After a plateau, increasing the dose of a drug will not produce stronger effects

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4
Q

What is another term commonly used for therapeutic index

A

Safety ratio

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5
Q

What is the therapeutic index

A

Window between the difference of the pharamceutical benefits and toxicity. The smaller the window the less space there is for mistakes.

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6
Q

What is a tolerance to a drug characterized by

A

Diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure

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7
Q

What is a drug that has a very small therapeutic index

A

Barbiturate (2-3)

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8
Q

What is a consequence of drug tolerance

A

More drug is needed to have the same effect

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9
Q

Is cross-tolerance good or bad

A

Bad

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10
Q

What is cross-tolerance

A

Tolerance to one drug builds tolerance for others as well

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11
Q

Is tolerance reversible (if so how)

A

Yes, when you stop taking the drug

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12
Q

What does tolerance depend on

A

As it develops at different rates it depends on the drug taken.

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13
Q

What is sensitization

A

The enhancement of drug effects following repeated use of the same drug

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14
Q

What summarizes tolerance and sensitization

A

They are reverse of each other, sensitization is the reverse of tolerance

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15
Q

What is sensitization dependent of

A

Dose-dependent

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16
Q

Agonist allow for ___________

Which of the following: full activation, less activation or no activation

A

Full activation

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17
Q

Antagonist allow for ___________

Which of the following: full activation, less activation or no activation

A

NO activation

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18
Q

What kind of drug (Antagonist or agonist) blocks the effect of a particular NT

A

Antagonist

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19
Q

What kind of drug (Antagonist or agonist) facilitates the effect of a particular NT

A

Agonist

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20
Q

What is a direct agonist

A

Binds with and activates the receptor

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21
Q

What is a direct antagonist

A

Blocks NT from binding at the binding site

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22
Q

What is an indirect agonist

A

It facilitates the action of the receptor

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23
Q

What is an indirect antagonist

A

Interferes with the action

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24
Q

What is a competitive antagonist

A

It competes with agonist for the binding site

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25
Q

What is a non-competitive antagonist

A

Doesn’t compete for the same binding site but interferes with normal receptors.

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26
Q

What are the most popular techniques to study the human brain in vivo

A

1) Direct neuronal activity (EEG)
2) Tomographic methods (PET)
3) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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27
Q

What are the advantages of EEG

A

Inexpensive
Excellent temporal resolution
Measures neuronal responses very quickly

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of EEG

A

Cannot differentiate signals from different brain regions well

Only detects signals from neurons at the surface

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29
Q

Outside of for research purposes what are EEG used for

A

Diagnosis of epilepsy

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30
Q

What is a meg

A

It measures the activity in the sulci

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31
Q

What does a PET scan detect

A

Gamma rays

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32
Q

What is needed for a PET scan

A

PET tracers

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33
Q

What are PET tracers

A

Radioactive tracers administered at very low concentration

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34
Q

Does PET tracers induce pharmacological responses

A

no

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35
Q

In a PET scan what shows us menopause

A

Estrogen receptor density changes

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36
Q

In a PET scan what can we see happening during depression

A

Hypermetabolism in the subgenual cingulate cortex

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37
Q

What imaging tehcniques ressemble the PET scan and gives insight on the metabolism

A

SPECT/CT

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38
Q

What is the most common cause of MRI injury

A

Metal objects being drawn into the magnet (on the machine) at high speeds

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39
Q

What is needed to build an MRI scanner

A

1) BIG magnet
2) Good radio transmitter/ receiver
3) Shielded room
4) Few fast computers

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40
Q

What is MRS

A

Magnetic Reasonance Spectroscopy

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41
Q

What is MRS used for

A

Study changes in brain tumours, strokes

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42
Q

What does MRS measure

A

GABA abd Glutamate

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43
Q

What is the most commonly used methods for functional MRI

A

BOLD signal

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44
Q

What do bold signals represents

A

Blood oxygen level dependent

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45
Q

What are the 3 different uses of BOLD signals

A

1) Identify localized brain functions
2) Understand Neurophysiology (association btwn blood flow response and neuronal electrical activity)
3) Identify and understand brain networks (what regions are active at rest)

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46
Q

For localized brain function with MRI we care more about the __________________ then the __________

A

Time series, details/clarity

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47
Q

What is ASL

A

Arterial Spin labeling

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48
Q

What are the advantages of ASL

A

Easily clinically applicable
Algorithms give quantitative results

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49
Q

What are the disadvantages of ASL

A

Low signal to noise ratio
Influenced by blood velocity
Hard to acquire

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50
Q

What are the advantages of BOLD signals

A

Easy to acquire
Analysis is easy
High signal to noise ratio
Images can be acquired really fast

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51
Q

What are the disadvantages of the BOLD signal

A

Influenced by vasculature
Cannot quantity the signals

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52
Q

What does both ASL and Bold signal give us insight on

A

Localized brain functions and regional differences un blood flow and neuronal metabolic demand

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53
Q

What is a limitation of both ASL and BOLD signal

A

Cannot see the effects with the naked human eye

Don’t understand why there is a large increase in blood flow during neuronal activation

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54
Q

In humans, what does neurostimulation require

A

Current, magnetic pulses and sound waves to stimulate the brain

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55
Q

What is transcranial direct current stimulation used to treat

A

Anxiety and depression

Drug abuse and rehabilitation after partial spinal cord injury

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56
Q

What does the site of drug action have an effect on

A

1) Production of NT
2) Storage/release of NT
3) Receptor itself
4) Reuptake and destruction of NT

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57
Q

What antagonist drug inhibits the release of NT

A

Botulinium toxin

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58
Q

What antagonist drug that prevents the storage of NT in the vesicles

A

Monoamines

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59
Q

What antagonist drug inhibits the synthesis of NT

A

Serotonin

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60
Q

What antagonist drug stimulates autoreceptors

A

Dopamine

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61
Q

What agonist drug stimulates the release of NT

A

Black widow spider

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61
Q

What agonist drug blocks autoreceptors

A

Norepinephrine

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62
Q

What agonist drug block reuptake

A

Dopamine

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62
Q

What agonist drug inactivate acetylcholinesterase

A

Ach

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63
Q

What are the 3 type of receptors

A

1) Extrasynaptic: outside the synapse
2) Postsynaptic: on dendrite
3) Presynaptic: axon terminal

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64
Q

What is a presynaptic receptor also known as

A

Autoreceptor

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65
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor

A

A very slow process.

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66
Q

What does a metabotropic receptor require

A

Proteins and a lot of energy

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67
Q

What are the steps of a metabotropic receptor

A

1) NT binds which signals a cascade of events
2) During those vents there is interactions between proteins and that will signal the ion channel to open

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67
Q

In metabotropic receptors, when does the ion channel open

A

ONLY once the cascade of events is completed

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68
Q

Which between metabotropic and ionotropic receptors have a fast effect

A

Ionotropic

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68
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor

A

NT binds and allow the ion channels to open and let ions in right off

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68
Q

What are the 3 major classes of NTs

A

1) Peptides
2) Monoamines
3) Amino Acids

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68
Q

What are peptides

A

Help everywhere in the brain
2 or more amino acids
No reuptake

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68
Q

Where are peptides specialized

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

What are the classes of monoamines

A

1) Catecholamines
2) Indolamine
3) Ethylamine
4) Acetylcholine

68
Q

What drug is known as indolamine

A

Serotonin

68
Q

What drugs are part of monoamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

69
Q

What is another word for serotonin

A

5-HT

70
Q

What is the difference in the synthesis of Serotonin and Catecholamines

A

it’s majorly in the precursor molecule and the enzymes involved.

71
Q

What drug is part of Ethylamine

A

Histamine

72
Q

What is the first example of a NT

A

Acetylcholine

73
Q

What are known as classical NT

A

Monoamines/catecholamines

74
Q

What is the role of amino acids

A

Balance brain activity

75
Q

What are the 4 sub-types of amino acids

A

1) GABA
2) Glutamate
3) Glycine
4) Aspartate

76
Q

What is the major inhibatory NT

A

GABA

77
Q

Where is GABA and Glutamate found

A

Everywhere in the brain

78
Q

What does GABA come from

A

Glutamate

79
Q

What are the two sub-type of Gaba

A

GABA A AND GABA B

80
Q

What is the major excitatory NT

A

Glutamate

81
Q

What is glutamate important for/in

A

1) Synaptic plasiticity
2) Learning
3) Memory

82
Q

What molecules are required for Glutamate to have proper transmission

A

NMDA and AMPA

83
Q

If you have too much NMDA what can happen

A

Neurodegenration

84
Q

If you don’t have enough NMDA what can happen

A

Cognitive issues

85
Q

GABA like ____________ has _________ real clinic success

A

NMDA, No

86
Q

What are two disorders related to NMDA

A

1) Epilepsy
2) Anti-nmda receptor encephalitis

87
Q

What is Anti-nmda recpetor encephalititis

A

Body immune system attacks NMDA receptors

88
Q

What movie represents anti-nmda receptor encephalititis

A

Brain on fire

89
Q

What does the AMPA allow for

A

Membrane treshold to go up fast and unlock NMDA channels

90
Q

How does glutamate turn into glutamine

A

Glutamate is reabsorbed quickly and directly into the neruons and soaked up by astrocytes

90
Q

What does glutamate turn to

A

Glutamine

90
Q

What type of functions do aspartates have

A

Excitatory

90
Q

What are the two inhibatory/excitatory pairs

A

Brain: GABA and Glutamate
Ventral spinal cord: Glycine and Aspartate

90
Q

Glycine has what type of functions

A

Inhibatory

91
Q

What molecule is a clever therapeutic target

A

L-DOPA

92
Q

What does L-DOPA do

A

Increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain

93
Q

What molecule is central to the synthesis of multiple catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

L-DOPA

94
Q

What kind of receptors only does dopamine have

A

Metabotropic

95
Q

What does dopamine do

A

Drug abuse and motor functions

96
Q

What molecule supports the hypothesis of the involvement of monoamines during depression

A

Serotonin

97
Q

What does serotonin target

A

SSRIS

98
Q

Where is serotonin found

A

Pons, midbrain and brainstem or raphe nuclei

99
Q

What is serotonin involved in

A

Mood and pain regulation

100
Q

Where norepinephrine found

A

Locus coeruleus

101
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine

A

Alertness/vigilance

102
Q

Where does norepinephrine project to

A

The entire cortex

103
Q

What two molecules are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s

A

Dopamine
L-DOPA as it increases dopamine levels everywhere in the brain

104
Q

What disorder is the dopamine theory based on

A

Schizophrenia

105
Q

What is the dopamine theory characterized by

A

Excess in dopamine

106
Q

In the dopamine theory what medication heko improve negative symptoms

A

Amphetamines

107
Q

What does the monoamine hypothesis of depression state the cause

A

Insufficient activty in norepinephrine and serotonin

108
Q

How to we treat depression according to the monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

Increase our monoamine levels and block MAO/reuptake transporters

109
Q

What is MAO

A

Enzymnes that plays a crucial role in the breakdown of NT especiakky monoamines

110
Q

What 2 NT are co-released

A

Peptides and Oxytocin

111
Q

What are 2 functions of oxytocin

A

Uterine contraction and milk production

112
Q

What is so special about the endocannabinoid system

A

NT goes the total opposite way as all others. in retrograde.

113
Q

Where does a retrograde signaler diffuse from

A

Post cell to pre cell

114
Q

What is the endocanabinoid system involved in

A

Food intake
Stress

115
Q

What are Neurosteroids

A

Enhance or inhibits NT. Regulate synaptic activity.

116
Q

What imaging technique is the opposite of EEG

A

MEG

116
Q

What effect do neurosteroids have on NT release

A

Dual effect

117
Q

What is an example of a radioactive tracer and what is it’s application

A

H2 (15O): oxygen metabolism and blood flow

118
Q

What does MRI do

A

Use magnets to look at the alignment of oxygen cells

119
Q

What are the step involved in MRI

A

Magnet triggers oxygenated cells to align and measures the amount of time it takes for them to go back to normal

120
Q

What are structural images

A

Volume/tickness

121
Q

What are functional images

A

Taken very quickly to see what brain region is implicated in which cognitive function

122
Q

Which between structural and functional images are much clearer and more detailed

A

Structural

123
Q

What is NIRS

A

Near Infrared Spectroscopy

124
Q

What does NIRS form

A

Optical images

125
Q

In NIRS what is used instead of magnets

A

Light, through light oxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks different.

126
Q

What information does NIRS give

A

Same as BOLD

127
Q

What are 2 types of neurostimulation approved by the FDA that is used to treat depression

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation and rTMS

128
Q

On whom is stereotaxis apparatus surgery performed on

A

Rats

129
Q

What does stereotaxis apparatus surgery allow one to do

A

Manipulate the brain in specific/precise ways. It allows one to be consistent and recreate within whole populations

130
Q

What do tracing axons trace

A

connections between brain regions

131
Q
A
132
Q

What is the big advantage of using rats in science

A

Recording neural activity

132
Q

What axon does anterograde labelling trace

A

Efferent

133
Q

What technique allows us to record and stimulate uniquely one neuron at a time

A

Microelectrodes

134
Q

What are the senses

A

1) Vision
2) Audition (hearing)
3) Olfaction
4) Taste
5) Touch

135
Q

What type of receptors does vision use

A

Photoreceptors

136
Q

Where are the photorecpetors for vision found

A

Back of retina

137
Q

What do rhods detect

A

Light

138
Q

What do cones detect

A

Different colors

139
Q

What are the 3 sub-types of cones

A

1) Blue
2) Red
3) Green

140
Q

Which one of the cones have the biggest color wavelength

A

Red cones

141
Q

What is total color blindness known as

A

Achromatopsy

142
Q

Is total color blindness rare?

A

Yes

143
Q

How is visual information process

A

Contralaterally

144
Q

Once process where does visual information go

A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

145
Q

Where is V1 located

A

Occpital lobe

146
Q

What pathway is the dorsal stream, in vision, known as

A

1) Where: objects location in space
2) How: to interact with object through movement

147
Q

Where does the dorsal stream end

A

Parietal cortex

148
Q

What is the ventral stream in vision known as

A

the WHAT pathway. What are the object based on their shape and color.

149
Q

Where does the ventral stream ends

A

Temporal lobe

150
Q

Which of stream is involved in blidnsight

A

Dorsal

151
Q

What is retinotopy

A

It is the unique aspect of the visual field. It maps our visual field

152
Q

What is similar to retinotopy but in hearing

A

Tonotopy

152
Q

What do sound wave cause

A

Vibration of the ear drum, which vibrates the bone and the hair cell will have a mechanical response

152
Q

What do we hear

A

Sound waves

152
Q

Language need to reach which hemisphere

A

Left

152
Q

How is audition process

A

Contralaterally

153
Q

Which hemisphere are words process in

A

Right

154
Q

In which ear will you process the words faster from

A

Right

155
Q

What does the diascotic listening task study

A

Selective attention

156
Q

What is olfaction therapeutically used to prevent

A

Cognitive decline

157
Q

What is the only ipsylateral sense

A

Taste

158
Q

What is another word for the sense of touch

A

Somatosenses

159
Q

What are somatosenses detected from

A

Mechanoreceptors

160
Q

What are the 3 dimension of touch

A

1) Cutaneous: skin pressure, temperature or pain
2) Propriception: awareness of your positionè3) Kinesthesia: perception of body’s movement

161
Q

In senses what does the dorsal colum do

A

Fine touch, vibration

162
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract detect in touch

A

Temperature, pain and gross touch

163
Q

How do we process pain

A

Nociception

164
Q

How is pain processes

A

1) Free nerve endings
2) Polymodal nociceptor

165
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation is your receptors reacting to a stimuli and perception is how you react to that stimuli

166
Q

What stream/pathway is perception related to

A

What/where

167
Q
A

PBI288 (6 decks)

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