Psychopharamcology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics
A
1) Absorption: through tissues or blood
2) Distribution: Drug goes to the body and blood
3) Metabolism: Inactive form by liver enzymes
4) Excretion: Through urine by kidneys
2
Q
What are pharmacodynamics
A
The mechanism and effects of medication with the body. How meds work and what meds work best
3
Q
What is the dose-reponse curve
A
Shows the effect of the drug depending on the amount administered. After a plateau, increasing the dose of a drug will not produce stronger effects
4
Q
What is another term commonly used for therapeutic index
A
Safety ratio
5
Q
What is the therapeutic index
A
Window between the difference of the pharamceutical benefits and toxicity. The smaller the window the less space there is for mistakes.
6
Q
What is a tolerance to a drug characterized by
A
Diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure
7
Q
What is a drug that has a very small therapeutic index
A
Barbiturate (2-3)
8
Q
What is a consequence of drug tolerance
A
More drug is needed to have the same effect
9
Q
Is cross-tolerance good or bad
A
Bad
10
Q
What is cross-tolerance
A
Tolerance to one drug builds tolerance for others as well
11
Q
Is tolerance reversible (if so how)
A
Yes, when you stop taking the drug
12
Q
What does tolerance depend on
A
As it develops at different rates it depends on the drug taken.
13
Q
What is sensitization
A
The enhancement of drug effects following repeated use of the same drug
14
Q
What summarizes tolerance and sensitization
A
They are reverse of each other, sensitization is the reverse of tolerance
15
Q
What is sensitization dependent of
A
Dose-dependent
16
Q
Agonist allow for ___________
Which of the following: full activation, less activation or no activation
A
Full activation
17
Q
Antagonist allow for ___________
Which of the following: full activation, less activation or no activation
A
NO activation
18
Q
What kind of drug (Antagonist or agonist) blocks the effect of a particular NT
A
Antagonist
19
Q
What kind of drug (Antagonist or agonist) facilitates the effect of a particular NT
A
Agonist
20
Q
What is a direct agonist
A
Binds with and activates the receptor
21
Q
What is a direct antagonist
A
Blocks NT from binding at the binding site
22
Q
What is an indirect agonist
A
It facilitates the action of the receptor
23
Q
What is an indirect antagonist
A
Interferes with the action
24
Q
What is a competitive antagonist
A
It competes with agonist for the binding site
25
What is a non-competitive antagonist
Doesn't compete for the same binding site but interferes with normal receptors.
26
What are the most popular techniques to study the human brain in vivo
1) Direct neuronal activity (EEG)
2) Tomographic methods (PET)
3) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
27
What are the advantages of EEG
Inexpensive
Excellent temporal resolution
Measures neuronal responses very quickly
28
What are the disadvantages of EEG
Cannot differentiate signals from different brain regions well
Only detects signals from neurons at the surface
29
Outside of for research purposes what are EEG used for
Diagnosis of epilepsy
30
What is a meg
It measures the activity in the sulci
31
What does a PET scan detect
Gamma rays
32
What is needed for a PET scan
PET tracers
33
What are PET tracers
Radioactive tracers administered at very low concentration
34
Does PET tracers induce pharmacological responses
no
35
In a PET scan what shows us menopause
Estrogen receptor density changes
36
In a PET scan what can we see happening during depression
Hypermetabolism in the subgenual cingulate cortex
37
What imaging tehcniques ressemble the PET scan and gives insight on the metabolism
SPECT/CT
38
What is the most common cause of MRI injury
Metal objects being drawn into the magnet (on the machine) at high speeds
39
What is needed to build an MRI scanner
1) BIG magnet
2) Good radio transmitter/ receiver
3) Shielded room
4) Few fast computers
40
What is MRS
Magnetic Reasonance Spectroscopy
41
What is MRS used for
Study changes in brain tumours, strokes
42
What does MRS measure
GABA abd Glutamate
43
What is the most commonly used methods for functional MRI
BOLD signal
44
What do bold signals represents
Blood oxygen level dependent
45
What are the 3 different uses of BOLD signals
1) Identify localized brain functions
2) Understand Neurophysiology (association btwn blood flow response and neuronal electrical activity)
3) Identify and understand brain networks (what regions are active at rest)
46
For localized brain function with MRI we care more about the __________________ then the __________
Time series, details/clarity
47
What is ASL
Arterial Spin labeling
48
What are the advantages of ASL
Easily clinically applicable
Algorithms give quantitative results
49
What are the disadvantages of ASL
Low signal to noise ratio
Influenced by blood velocity
Hard to acquire
50
What are the advantages of BOLD signals
Easy to acquire
Analysis is easy
High signal to noise ratio
Images can be acquired really fast
51
What are the disadvantages of the BOLD signal
Influenced by vasculature
Cannot quantity the signals
52
What does both ASL and Bold signal give us insight on
Localized brain functions and regional differences un blood flow and neuronal metabolic demand
53
What is a limitation of both ASL and BOLD signal
Cannot see the effects with the naked human eye
Don't understand why there is a large increase in blood flow during neuronal activation
54
In humans, what does neurostimulation require
Current, magnetic pulses and sound waves to stimulate the brain
55
What is transcranial direct current stimulation used to treat
Anxiety and depression
Drug abuse and rehabilitation after partial spinal cord injury
56
What does the site of drug action have an effect on
1) Production of NT
2) Storage/release of NT
3) Receptor itself
4) Reuptake and destruction of NT
57
What antagonist drug inhibits the release of NT
Botulinium toxin
58
What antagonist drug that prevents the storage of NT in the vesicles
Monoamines
59
What antagonist drug inhibits the synthesis of NT
Serotonin
60
What antagonist drug stimulates autoreceptors
Dopamine
61
What agonist drug stimulates the release of NT
Black widow spider
61
What agonist drug blocks autoreceptors
Norepinephrine
62
What agonist drug block reuptake
Dopamine
62
What agonist drug inactivate acetylcholinesterase
Ach
63
What are the 3 type of receptors
1) Extrasynaptic: outside the synapse
2) Postsynaptic: on dendrite
3) Presynaptic: axon terminal
64
What is a presynaptic receptor also known as
Autoreceptor
65
What is a metabotropic receptor
A very slow process.
66
What does a metabotropic receptor require
Proteins and a lot of energy
67
What are the steps of a metabotropic receptor
1) NT binds which signals a cascade of events
2) During those vents there is interactions between proteins and that will signal the ion channel to open
67
In metabotropic receptors, when does the ion channel open
ONLY once the cascade of events is completed
68
Which between metabotropic and ionotropic receptors have a fast effect
Ionotropic
68
What is an ionotropic receptor
NT binds and allow the ion channels to open and let ions in right off
68
What are the 3 major classes of NTs
1) Peptides
2) Monoamines
3) Amino Acids
68
What are peptides
Help everywhere in the brain
2 or more amino acids
No reuptake
68
Where are peptides specialized
hypothalamus
68
What are the classes of monoamines
1) Catecholamines
2) Indolamine
3) Ethylamine
4) Acetylcholine
68
What drug is known as indolamine
Serotonin
68
What drugs are part of monoamines
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
69
What is another word for serotonin
5-HT
70
What is the difference in the synthesis of Serotonin and Catecholamines
it's majorly in the precursor molecule and the enzymes involved.
71
What drug is part of Ethylamine
Histamine
72
What is the first example of a NT
Acetylcholine
73
What are known as classical NT
Monoamines/catecholamines
74
What is the role of amino acids
Balance brain activity
75
What are the 4 sub-types of amino acids
1) GABA
2) Glutamate
3) Glycine
4) Aspartate
76
What is the major inhibatory NT
GABA
77
Where is GABA and Glutamate found
Everywhere in the brain
78
What does GABA come from
Glutamate
79
What are the two sub-type of Gaba
GABA A AND GABA B
80
What is the major excitatory NT
Glutamate
81
What is glutamate important for/in
1) Synaptic plasiticity
2) Learning
3) Memory
82
What molecules are required for Glutamate to have proper transmission
NMDA and AMPA
83
If you have too much NMDA what can happen
Neurodegenration
84
If you don't have enough NMDA what can happen
Cognitive issues
85
GABA like ____________ has _________ real clinic success
NMDA, No
86
What are two disorders related to NMDA
1) Epilepsy
2) Anti-nmda receptor encephalitis
87
What is Anti-nmda recpetor encephalititis
Body immune system attacks NMDA receptors
88
What movie represents anti-nmda receptor encephalititis
Brain on fire
89
What does the AMPA allow for
Membrane treshold to go up fast and unlock NMDA channels
90
How does glutamate turn into glutamine
Glutamate is reabsorbed quickly and directly into the neruons and soaked up by astrocytes
90
What does glutamate turn to
Glutamine
90
What type of functions do aspartates have
Excitatory
90
What are the two inhibatory/excitatory pairs
Brain: GABA and Glutamate
Ventral spinal cord: Glycine and Aspartate
90
Glycine has what type of functions
Inhibatory
91
What molecule is a clever therapeutic target
L-DOPA
92
What does L-DOPA do
Increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain
93
What molecule is central to the synthesis of multiple catecholamine neurotransmitters
L-DOPA
94
What kind of receptors only does dopamine have
Metabotropic
95
What does dopamine do
Drug abuse and motor functions
96
What molecule supports the hypothesis of the involvement of monoamines during depression
Serotonin
97
What does serotonin target
SSRIS
98
Where is serotonin found
Pons, midbrain and brainstem or raphe nuclei
99
What is serotonin involved in
Mood and pain regulation
100
Where norepinephrine found
Locus coeruleus
101
What is the function of norepinephrine
Alertness/vigilance
102
Where does norepinephrine project to
The entire cortex
103
What two molecules are used in the treatment of Parkinson's
Dopamine
L-DOPA as it increases dopamine levels everywhere in the brain
104
What disorder is the dopamine theory based on
Schizophrenia
105
What is the dopamine theory characterized by
Excess in dopamine
106
In the dopamine theory what medication heko improve negative symptoms
Amphetamines
107
What does the monoamine hypothesis of depression state the cause
Insufficient activty in norepinephrine and serotonin
108
How to we treat depression according to the monoamine hypothesis of depression
Increase our monoamine levels and block MAO/reuptake transporters
109
What is MAO
Enzymnes that plays a crucial role in the breakdown of NT especiakky monoamines
110
What 2 NT are co-released
Peptides and Oxytocin
111
What are 2 functions of oxytocin
Uterine contraction and milk production
112
What is so special about the endocannabinoid system
NT goes the total opposite way as all others. in retrograde.
113
Where does a retrograde signaler diffuse from
Post cell to pre cell
114
What is the endocanabinoid system involved in
Food intake
Stress
115
What are Neurosteroids
Enhance or inhibits NT. Regulate synaptic activity.
116
What imaging technique is the opposite of EEG
MEG
116
What effect do neurosteroids have on NT release
Dual effect
117
What is an example of a radioactive tracer and what is it's application
H2 (15O): oxygen metabolism and blood flow
118
What does MRI do
Use magnets to look at the alignment of oxygen cells
119
What are the step involved in MRI
Magnet triggers oxygenated cells to align and measures the amount of time it takes for them to go back to normal
120
What are structural images
Volume/tickness
121
What are functional images
Taken very quickly to see what brain region is implicated in which cognitive function
122
Which between structural and functional images are much clearer and more detailed
Structural
123
What is NIRS
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
124
What does NIRS form
Optical images
125
In NIRS what is used instead of magnets
Light, through light oxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks different.
126
What information does NIRS give
Same as BOLD
127
What are 2 types of neurostimulation approved by the FDA that is used to treat depression
Transcranial direct current stimulation and rTMS
128
On whom is stereotaxis apparatus surgery performed on
Rats
129
What does stereotaxis apparatus surgery allow one to do
Manipulate the brain in specific/precise ways. It allows one to be consistent and recreate within whole populations
130
What do tracing axons trace
connections between brain regions
131
132
What is the big advantage of using rats in science
Recording neural activity
132
What axon does anterograde labelling trace
Efferent
133
What technique allows us to record and stimulate uniquely one neuron at a time
Microelectrodes
134
What are the senses
1) Vision
2) Audition (hearing)
3) Olfaction
4) Taste
5) Touch
135
What type of receptors does vision use
Photoreceptors
136
Where are the photorecpetors for vision found
Back of retina
137
What do rhods detect
Light
138
What do cones detect
Different colors
139
What are the 3 sub-types of cones
1) Blue
2) Red
3) Green
140
Which one of the cones have the biggest color wavelength
Red cones
141
What is total color blindness known as
Achromatopsy
142
Is total color blindness rare?
Yes
143
How is visual information process
Contralaterally
144
Once process where does visual information go
Primary visual cortex (V1)
145
Where is V1 located
Occpital lobe
146
What pathway is the dorsal stream, in vision, known as
1) Where: objects location in space
2) How: to interact with object through movement
147
Where does the dorsal stream end
Parietal cortex
148
What is the ventral stream in vision known as
the WHAT pathway. What are the object based on their shape and color.
149
Where does the ventral stream ends
Temporal lobe
150
Which of stream is involved in blidnsight
Dorsal
151
What is retinotopy
It is the unique aspect of the visual field. It maps our visual field
152
What is similar to retinotopy but in hearing
Tonotopy
152
What do sound wave cause
Vibration of the ear drum, which vibrates the bone and the hair cell will have a mechanical response
152
What do we hear
Sound waves
152
Language need to reach which hemisphere
Left
152
How is audition process
Contralaterally
153
Which hemisphere are words process in
Right
154
In which ear will you process the words faster from
Right
155
What does the diascotic listening task study
Selective attention
156
What is olfaction therapeutically used to prevent
Cognitive decline
157
What is the only ipsylateral sense
Taste
158
What is another word for the sense of touch
Somatosenses
159
What are somatosenses detected from
Mechanoreceptors
160
What are the 3 dimension of touch
1) Cutaneous: skin pressure, temperature or pain
2) Propriception: awareness of your positionè3) Kinesthesia: perception of body's movement
161
In senses what does the dorsal colum do
Fine touch, vibration
162
What does the spinothalamic tract detect in touch
Temperature, pain and gross touch
163
How do we process pain
Nociception
164
How is pain processes
1) Free nerve endings
2) Polymodal nociceptor
165
What is the difference between sensation and perception
Sensation is your receptors reacting to a stimuli and perception is how you react to that stimuli
166
What stream/pathway is perception related to
What/where
167
