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PBI288 > PBI288 Midterm Final Review > Flashcards

PBI288 Midterm Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two Gyrus’s that are found in the occipital lobe?

A

1) Cuneus
2) Lingual

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2
Q

What is the function of the cuneus gyrus

A

Primary visual cortex

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3
Q

What is the function of the Lingual Gyrus

A

Recognize familiar faces and places

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4
Q

What are the principle 2 gyrus of the temporal lobe

A

1) Heschl’s
2) Fusiform

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5
Q

What is the heschl’s gyrus’s function

A

Primary auditory cortex (Music)

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6
Q

What is the fusiform gyrus’s function

A

Identify and differentiate objects

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7
Q

What are the 3 diseases of the occipital lobe?

A

1) Apperceptive visual agnosia
2) Associative ‘’ ‘’
3) Prosopagnosia

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8
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia

A

Can name objects but not draw them

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9
Q

What is associative V.A

A

Can draw objects but not name them

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10
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

You can’t recognize faces or learn new ones.

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11
Q

What is the first brain region affected by dementia

A

Temporal lobe

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12
Q

Name the two disease associated with the temporal lobe

A

1) Synesthesia
2) Capgras Syndrome

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13
Q

What is synesthesia

A

Cross-talk (seeing colors)

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14
Q

What is Capgras syndrome

A

Delusion, you forget important people

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15
Q

What area of the brain is associated in both Alzheimer’s and the HM case

A

Medial temporal lobe

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16
Q

What area of the brain is mostly involved in psychiatric disease and where is found (lobe)

A

Limbic system and in the temporal lobe

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17
Q

What are the two diseases of the basal Ganglia

A

1) Huntington’s: Jerky movements
2) Parkinson’s: Rigid limbs

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18
Q

What is the temporal lobe formed by

A

The 3 obliques gyri

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19
Q

Where is the Insula located

A

Deep inside the lateral fissure

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20
Q

What is the only way to see the insula

A

By separating the frontal and temporal lobes

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21
Q

What is the insula involved in?

A

Basically everything, Pain perception and bodily awarness

22
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Subcortical layer of the brain

23
Q

What does the corpus callosum does

A

Link both hemispheres together

24
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Circle of willis

25
Q

What does afferent neurons do

A

Bring sensory information to the brain.
INCOMING INFO

26
Q

What do efferent neurons do

A

Carry signals away from the brain (CNS or muscles)
OUTGOING INFO

27
Q

What are two different types of parallel pathways

A

1) Direct: MI
2) Indirect: Motor control

28
Q

What are reciprocal connections

A

Information can go both ways to and away from brain

29
Q

What are commissural connections

A

Information goes from one hemisphere to another

30
Q

Ion Movements during AP
Step 1

A

Na+ channels open up and sodium enters the cell

31
Q

Ion Movements during AP
Step 2

A

K+ channels open, potassium leaves the cell

32
Q

Ion Movements during AP
Step 3

A

Na+ channels are now refractory, no more ions can enter

33
Q

Ion Movements during AP
Step 4

A

K+ continues to leave cells which results on the membrane to return to resting levels

34
Q

Ion Movements during AP
Step 5

A

K+ channels close

35
Q

During AP what causes the Na+ channels to open?

A

Stimulus binds to receptors

36
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

-70mv

37
Q

What does the membrane potential have to get too (+) to reach a treshold

A

-55mv

38
Q

What is depolarization

A

More and more Na+ enters the neuron, membrane potential goes to +30.

The inside of the neuron is more positive than it’s outside

39
Q

What is repolarization

A

Enough Na+ in neuron, sodium gates closes. K+ gate opens, K+ rushes in to make the charge of the membrane potential go down significantly.

40
Q

What is the process of an AP

A

1) Stimulus
2) Treshold
3) AP fires
4) Depolorization
5) Refractory period
6) Repolirization

41
Q

What is the refractory period

A

Innactive period, Na+ is closed, Na+ channel cannot be stimulated

42
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurofibrils

A

1) Microfilaments
2) Microtubules
3) Neurofilaments

43
Q

What are Microfilaments

A

Transports proteins from dendrites to axon terminal. Help support full grown axon

44
Q

What are microtubules

A

Protein and organelles transports

45
Q

What are neurofilaments

A

Contributes to the size and shape of the axon

46
Q

What neurofibril is altered in alezeihmers

A

Neurofilament

47
Q

What is the HM case

A
  • Henry Molaison, who underwent a surgical procedure in 1953 to treat his severe epilepsy. During the surgery, parts of his brain, specifically the hippocampus, were removed. While the surgery successfully reduced his seizures, it resulted in profound memory impairments.
  • Anterograde amnesia: unable to form new long-term memories
  • Retrograde amnesia: couldn’t remember few years before surgery
  • His case provided critical insights into the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.
48
Q

What are growth cones important in

A

Guiding the axon

49
Q

What will the growth cone determine

A

The direction of elongation of the axon

50
Q

What is the growth cone exactly

A

The growth cone is a dynamic, specialized structure at the tip of a growing axon (the long part of a nerve cell). Its role is to help guide the axon to its correct target during neural development.

As the axon extends, the growth cone explores the surrounding environment, sensing various chemical and physical signals. These signals tell the growth cone where to move and in which direction, helping it to form connections with other neurons or tissues. The growth cone is highly responsive and adapts its shape, allowing the axon to navigate through the complex structures of the brain and body to establish proper neural connections.

In short, the growth cone is like a “navigator” that guides the axon to its correct destination.

51
Q

What is the fragile X syndrome characterized by

A

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and behavioural symptoms

52
Q
A

PBI288 (6 decks)

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