Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the occipital lobe
A
Process visual stimulation
2
Q
What gyrus is associated with recognizing familiar places and faces
A
Lingual
3
Q
Where is the lingual gyrus located
A
Occipital lobe
4
Q
Name the two disorders of the occipital lobe
A
1) Apperceptive visual agnosia
2) Prosopagnosia
5
Q
What is apperceptive visual agnosia
A
Patients can draw objects but not name them, or can’t draw but can name
6
Q
What is prosopagnosia
A
Can’t recognize familiar faces or learn new ones
7
Q
What is the primary auditory cortex, allows us to listen to music
A
Heschl’s gyrus
8
Q
Where is the Heschl’s gyrus located
A
Temporal lobe
9
Q
What does the Wernicke’s area do
A
Language comprehension/recognition
10
Q
Where is the Wernicke’s area located in the brain
A
Temporal lobe
11
Q
What gyrus allows you to identify and differenciate objects
A
Fusiform G
12
Q
Where is the Fusiform G located
A
Temporal lobe
13
Q
What are the two disorders of the temporal lobe
A
1) Synesthesia
2) Capgras Syndrome
14
Q
What is synesthesia
A
Cross-talk
15
Q
What is Capgras Syndrome
A
Delusion, forgetting important people
16
Q
What is the medial temporal involved in
A
Emotions
17
Q
What are the main parts of the medial temporal lobe
A
1) Hippocampus
2) Amygdala
3) Insula
4) Basal Ganglia
5) Cingulate Cortex
18
Q
What are two disorders of the medial temporal lobe
A
1) Dementia
2) Alzeihmers
19
Q
What is the function of the hippocampus
A
Spatial/long-term memory
20
Q
What is the function of the amygdala
A
Coordinate emotional responses and aggression
21
Q
What does the amygdala connect to
A
All brain regions
22
Q
Where is the insula located
A
Deep inside lateral fissure
23
Q
What area of the brain is basically involved in everything, specifically pain perception and bodily awareness
A
Insula
24
Q
Where is the basal ganglia located
A
Subcortical layer of the brain
25
What are 2 disorders of the basal ganglia
1) Huntington's disease
2) Parkinson's
26
What are the two types of movements of the BG
1) Hyperkinetic
2) Hypokinetic
27
What is Huntington's disease
Jerking or fidgety movements
28
What is Parkinson's disease
Loss of dopamine signaling. Rigidity in limbs
29
What are Hyperkinetic movements
Involuntary movements
30
What are Hypokinetic movements
Slow/rigid movements.
31
What is the function of the thalamus
Relay motor/sensory information to cortex. Choose what stimuli requires attention or not.
32
What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Process visual stimuli
33
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Regulate critical mechanisms of the body
34
What is the hypothalamus connected to
Pituitary gland
35
What is the function of the pituitary gland
Secrete different hormones
36
What are the two types of pituitary and what do they secrete
1) Posterior: Peptide hormones (Vsaopressin, Oxytocin)
2) Anterior: Tropic Hormones (TSH and GH)
37
What do less menstrual cycle increase
Risk of cerebrovascular disease
38
What 2 colliculi form the tectum
1) Inferior: auditory
2) Superior: Visual
39
What is the function of the Perioaqueductal gray (PAG)
Pain perception
40
What is the function of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Reward system
41
What ares are part of the hindbrain (mesencephalon)
1) Colliculi (inferior/sup)
2) Tegmentum
3) PAG
4) VTA
42
What areas are part of the hindbrain (metencephalon)
1) Pons
2) Locus coeruleus (vigilence)
3) Raphe Nucleic (Impulsiveness)
4) Cerebellum (Motor coordination)
43
What are the 2 parts of the myelencephalon
1) Medulla Oblongata
2) Brainstem
44
What are the functions of the medulla oblongata
Coordinate vital functions (HR) and reticular formation (muscle)
45
What do the dendrites of a neuron do
Increase SA available for neurotranmission
46
What are dendrites covered by and what does an increase amount of these do
Dendrite spines and better neurotranmission
47
What is the cell body also called
Soma
48
What is the function of the soma
Metabolic center of a neuron
49
What is the function of Axon Hillock
AP originates from here
50
What is the function of the Myelin Sheath
Increase rapidity of the AP
51
What is myelin sheath made of
Glial cells
52
Where do proximal projections go
Within the same brain area
53
Where do distal projections go
Long, different brain regions
54
What are the 2 types of cells of a neuron
1) Presynaptic
2) Postsynaptic
55
Presynaptic cells...
Send the signal
56
Postsynaptic cells....
Receive the signals
57
What is synaptic transmission
When one neuron connects to another to convey messages
58
Where is the synaptic cleft
Space between pre and postsynaptic cells
59
Where are unreleased neurotransmitters located
Vesicles
60
Where are receptors located and what do they do
On postsynaptic cell neurotransmitters will bind to these
61
What do transporters do
Pick up extra or used NT in postsynaptic cell and bring it back to presynaptic cell to be reused
62
What are the 3 types of synapses
1) Axodentric
2) Axosomatic
3) Axoaxonic
63
What is the most common type of synapse
Axodentric
64
Where do the axodentric synapse happen
Dendrites of postsynaptic cell
65
Where does axosomatic synapse happen
Soma of postsynaptic cell
66
Where does axoaxonic synapse happen
Axon terminal of presynaptic cell
67
What type of synapse increase or decrease NT release?
Axoaxonic
68
What are divergence neurons
1 pre-synaptic neuron that will branches out to communicate with many post-synaptic cells. Example, the creation of motor and muscles or pain signal
69
What are convergence neurons
many pre-synaptic cells (neurons) that will communicated with one 1 post-synaptic cell. Ex: muscle neurons
70
What forms the shape and diameter of a neuron
Neurofilament
71
What are the 5 types of glial cells
1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Schwann
3) Microglia
4) Astrocytes
5) Satellite
72
What system are glial cells related to
Nervous system
73
What are oligodendrocytes made of
Myelin sheath
74
What is the function of oligo...
Support/insulate
75
What is the only glial cell outside the central nervous system
Schwann
76
What is the role of microglia
1st line of defense.
Macrophages
77
What are the most common type of glial cells
Astrocytes
78
What shape are astrocytes
Star
79
What is the function of astrocytes
Supply nutrients to neurons and increase blood flow. Hold neurons in place. Ex: phagocytosis
80
What is the function of satellite cells
Provide physical support to the neurons
81
What is the brain-blood barrier
A selective barrier that allows molecules of specific charge or size to pass through or not.
82
What can pass through the BBB
Hormones: estrogen/progesterone, codeine, caffeine
83
What are the 3 functions of the BBB
1) Protect from foreign substances
2) Protect from hormones
3) Maintain a constant environment
84
What are the 3 things that can break the BBB
1) Hypertension
2) Trauma
3) Infection
85
What disease can cause leakage in the BBB
Bipolar disorder
86
How can we see leakage of the BBB
MRI
87
How was the leakage fixed in bipolar patients and what was a bonus
Metformin, decrease symptoms
88
What is the resting membrane potential
-70 mv
89
Which molecules can pass through membranes as they please
K+ (potassium)
90
Which 2 molecules have trouble passing through the membrane
Cl-
Na+ (sodium)
91
What are 2 ways molecules move in and out of the membrane
1) Diffusion
2) Electrostatic
92
What is the sodium-potassium pump
1) Maintains balance and resting P of cell membrane.
2) For every 3 Na+ molecule that goes out, 2 K+ molecules go in.
93
What is depolarization?
1) Membrane potential (MP) becomes less negative (hence more +).
2) Inside of cell= more + than the outside.
3) Caused by Na+ that entered the cell.
94
When does depolarization happen
During the action potential, the membrane undergoes rapid depolarization when voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na⁺ ions to enter the cell.
95
What is hyperpolarization
1) MP becomes more negative than the resting potential
2) K+ move out of the cell and Cl- move into the cell.
3) Hyperpolarization makes it harder for the cell to reach the threshold to generate another action potential, serving as a form of inhibition in cells. In neurons, hyperpolarization helps prevent excessive firing of action potentials.
96
When does hyperpolarization happen
After an action potential, the cell often becomes hyperpolarized due to the closing of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels, allowing K⁺ to exit. This makes the inside of the cell more negative
97
What is the treshold excitation of the membrane potential
-50mv
98
What are the 4 steps of an action potential
1) Treshold is reached which triggers the action potential.
2) The AP travels down the axon starting at axon hillock and finishing at terminal buttons.
3) More Na+ channels open
4) MP is back to resting
99
How much faster is a myelinated neurons AP
15x
100
What is the advantage of a myelinated neuron
Requires less use of energy
101
What is saltatory conduction
When AP jumps from one node of Ravier to the next
