Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PBI288 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Process visual stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What gyrus is associated with recognizing familiar places and faces

A

Lingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the lingual gyrus located

A

Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the two disorders of the occipital lobe

A

1) Apperceptive visual agnosia
2) Prosopagnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia

A

Patients can draw objects but not name them, or can’t draw but can name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

Can’t recognize familiar faces or learn new ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex, allows us to listen to music

A

Heschl’s gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the Heschl’s gyrus located

A

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the Wernicke’s area do

A

Language comprehension/recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s area located in the brain

A

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What gyrus allows you to identify and differenciate objects

A

Fusiform G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the Fusiform G located

A

Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two disorders of the temporal lobe

A

1) Synesthesia
2) Capgras Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is synesthesia

A

Cross-talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome

A

Delusion, forgetting important people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the medial temporal involved in

A

Emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main parts of the medial temporal lobe

A

1) Hippocampus
2) Amygdala
3) Insula
4) Basal Ganglia
5) Cingulate Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are two disorders of the medial temporal lobe

A

1) Dementia
2) Alzeihmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus

A

Spatial/long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

Coordinate emotional responses and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the amygdala connect to

A

All brain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the insula located

A

Deep inside lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What area of the brain is basically involved in everything, specifically pain perception and bodily awareness

A

Insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located

A

Subcortical layer of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are 2 disorders of the basal ganglia

A

1) Huntington’s disease
2) Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two types of movements of the BG

A

1) Hyperkinetic
2) Hypokinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

Jerking or fidgety movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of dopamine signaling. Rigidity in limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are Hyperkinetic movements

A

Involuntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Hypokinetic movements

A

Slow/rigid movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Relay motor/sensory information to cortex. Choose what stimuli requires attention or not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Process visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Regulate critical mechanisms of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the hypothalamus connected to

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Secrete different hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two types of pituitary and what do they secrete

A

1) Posterior: Peptide hormones (Vsaopressin, Oxytocin)
2) Anterior: Tropic Hormones (TSH and GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do less menstrual cycle increase

A

Risk of cerebrovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What 2 colliculi form the tectum

A

1) Inferior: auditory
2) Superior: Visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the Perioaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

Pain perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

Reward system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What ares are part of the hindbrain (mesencephalon)

A

1) Colliculi (inferior/sup)
2) Tegmentum
3) PAG
4) VTA

42
Q

What areas are part of the hindbrain (metencephalon)

A

1) Pons
2) Locus coeruleus (vigilence)
3) Raphe Nucleic (Impulsiveness)
4) Cerebellum (Motor coordination)

43
Q

What are the 2 parts of the myelencephalon

A

1) Medulla Oblongata
2) Brainstem

44
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

Coordinate vital functions (HR) and reticular formation (muscle)

45
Q

What do the dendrites of a neuron do

A

Increase SA available for neurotranmission

46
Q

What are dendrites covered by and what does an increase amount of these do

A

Dendrite spines and better neurotranmission

47
Q

What is the cell body also called

A

Soma

48
Q

What is the function of the soma

A

Metabolic center of a neuron

49
Q

What is the function of Axon Hillock

A

AP originates from here

50
Q

What is the function of the Myelin Sheath

A

Increase rapidity of the AP

51
Q

What is myelin sheath made of

A

Glial cells

52
Q

Where do proximal projections go

A

Within the same brain area

53
Q

Where do distal projections go

A

Long, different brain regions

54
Q

What are the 2 types of cells of a neuron

A

1) Presynaptic
2) Postsynaptic

55
Q

Presynaptic cells…

A

Send the signal

56
Q

Postsynaptic cells….

A

Receive the signals

57
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

When one neuron connects to another to convey messages

58
Q

Where is the synaptic cleft

A

Space between pre and postsynaptic cells

59
Q

Where are unreleased neurotransmitters located

A

Vesicles

60
Q

Where are receptors located and what do they do

A

On postsynaptic cell neurotransmitters will bind to these

61
Q

What do transporters do

A

Pick up extra or used NT in postsynaptic cell and bring it back to presynaptic cell to be reused

62
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses

A

1) Axodentric
2) Axosomatic
3) Axoaxonic

63
Q

What is the most common type of synapse

A

Axodentric

64
Q

Where do the axodentric synapse happen

A

Dendrites of postsynaptic cell

65
Q

Where does axosomatic synapse happen

A

Soma of postsynaptic cell

66
Q

Where does axoaxonic synapse happen

A

Axon terminal of presynaptic cell

67
Q

What type of synapse increase or decrease NT release?

A

Axoaxonic

68
Q

What are divergence neurons

A

1 pre-synaptic neuron that will branches out to communicate with many post-synaptic cells. Example, the creation of motor and muscles or pain signal

69
Q

What are convergence neurons

A

many pre-synaptic cells (neurons) that will communicated with one 1 post-synaptic cell. Ex: muscle neurons

70
Q

What forms the shape and diameter of a neuron

A

Neurofilament

71
Q

What are the 5 types of glial cells

A

1) Oligodendrocytes
2) Schwann
3) Microglia
4) Astrocytes
5) Satellite

72
Q

What system are glial cells related to

A

Nervous system

73
Q

What are oligodendrocytes made of

A

Myelin sheath

74
Q

What is the function of oligo…

A

Support/insulate

75
Q

What is the only glial cell outside the central nervous system

A

Schwann

76
Q

What is the role of microglia

A

1st line of defense.
Macrophages

77
Q

What are the most common type of glial cells

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

What shape are astrocytes

A

Star

79
Q

What is the function of astrocytes

A

Supply nutrients to neurons and increase blood flow. Hold neurons in place. Ex: phagocytosis

80
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Provide physical support to the neurons

81
Q

What is the brain-blood barrier

A

A selective barrier that allows molecules of specific charge or size to pass through or not.

82
Q

What can pass through the BBB

A

Hormones: estrogen/progesterone, codeine, caffeine

83
Q

What are the 3 functions of the BBB

A

1) Protect from foreign substances
2) Protect from hormones
3) Maintain a constant environment

84
Q

What are the 3 things that can break the BBB

A

1) Hypertension
2) Trauma
3) Infection

85
Q

What disease can cause leakage in the BBB

A

Bipolar disorder

86
Q

How can we see leakage of the BBB

A

MRI

87
Q

How was the leakage fixed in bipolar patients and what was a bonus

A

Metformin, decrease symptoms

88
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

-70 mv

89
Q

Which molecules can pass through membranes as they please

A

K+ (potassium)

90
Q

Which 2 molecules have trouble passing through the membrane

A

Cl-
Na+ (sodium)

91
Q

What are 2 ways molecules move in and out of the membrane

A

1) Diffusion
2) Electrostatic

92
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump

A

1) Maintains balance and resting P of cell membrane.
2) For every 3 Na+ molecule that goes out, 2 K+ molecules go in.

93
Q

What is depolarization?

A

1) Membrane potential (MP) becomes less negative (hence more +).
2) Inside of cell= more + than the outside.
3) Caused by Na+ that entered the cell.

94
Q

When does depolarization happen

A

During the action potential, the membrane undergoes rapid depolarization when voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na⁺ ions to enter the cell.

95
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

1) MP becomes more negative than the resting potential
2) K+ move out of the cell and Cl- move into the cell.
3) Hyperpolarization makes it harder for the cell to reach the threshold to generate another action potential, serving as a form of inhibition in cells. In neurons, hyperpolarization helps prevent excessive firing of action potentials.

96
Q

When does hyperpolarization happen

A

After an action potential, the cell often becomes hyperpolarized due to the closing of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels, allowing K⁺ to exit. This makes the inside of the cell more negative

97
Q

What is the treshold excitation of the membrane potential

A

-50mv

98
Q

What are the 4 steps of an action potential

A

1) Treshold is reached which triggers the action potential.
2) The AP travels down the axon starting at axon hillock and finishing at terminal buttons.
3) More Na+ channels open

4) MP is back to resting

99
Q

How much faster is a myelinated neurons AP

A

15x

100
Q

What is the advantage of a myelinated neuron

A

Requires less use of energy

101
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

When AP jumps from one node of Ravier to the next

PBI288 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions