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PBI288 > Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators Flashcards

1
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier allow

A

Independent functions of neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Where is serotonin most concentrated

A

Platlets and the intestines

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3
Q

What does norepinephrine affect

A

BP and metabolism

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4
Q

What do agonists do

A

Binds to the receptor and allows it to perform the specific action it was intended to

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5
Q

What do antagonists do

A

Block the receptors so NT cannot bind

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6
Q

What kind of receptors trigger secondary messengers

A

Post-synaptic

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7
Q

What receptors influence NT release

A

Autoreceptors

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8
Q

Where are extrasynaptic receptors

A

Located outside of the synapse

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9
Q

What kind of synapse and/or NT does extrasynaptic receptors affect

A

Axosomatic and NT that is not released from a synaptic terminal

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10
Q

What are the 3 major classes of neurotransmitters

A

1) Glycine
2) Aspartate
3) GABA

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11
Q

What type of functions do Glycines have

A

Inhibitors

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12
Q

Where are Glycine receptors found

A

Spinal cord AND brain stem

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13
Q

What is an antagonist for glycine

A

Strychnine

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14
Q

What is Strychnine

A

Strong poison found in pesticides

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15
Q

What type of function are glycine involved in

A

1) Motor Reflex
2) Pain sensory neurons

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16
Q

What does Asparate stand for

A

Aspartic acid

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17
Q

Where are aspartates primarily found in

A

Ventral of spinal cord

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18
Q

What functions (inh/exci) does aspartates have

A

Excitatory

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19
Q

What other neurotransmitter do aspartates bind with to form the excitatory/inhibator pair in the ventral spinal cord

A

Glycine

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20
Q

What pair of neurotransmitter is similar to the glycine/aspartate pair

A

Glutamate and GABA in the brain

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21
Q

What do GABA stand for

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

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22
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain

A

GABA

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23
Q

What happens if you block the synthesis of GABA

A

Seizures

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24
Q

What do GABA A receptors allow to enter the cell and what happens to the cell

A

More Cl-
Hyperpolarization

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25
What is a indirect antagonist of GABA A receptors
Picrotoxin
26
What is a competitive antagonist of GABA A receptors
Bicuculine
27
What do Picrotoxin and Bicuculine cause
Convulsions
28
What do GABA B receptors open up
Ca+ and K+ channels
29
What does the activation of GABA B lead to
Modulation of ion channels (Ex: cerebral plasticity)
30
What is a major excitatory NT
glutamate
31
What is glutamate involved in
1) Learning/memory 2) Dev. psychiatric disorders and drug addiction
32
What is the most common glutamate receptor
AMPA
33
How is glutamate converted to glutamine
1) Glutamate is released into synapses 2) Reabsorbed into the neurons 3) Soaked up by astrocytes 4) Voila
34
What is the AMPA noncompetitive antagonist used for
Epilepsy
35
What receptor is critical for the development of the CNS
NMDA
36
What does NMDA stand for
N-Methyl-D-Asparate
37
What are side effects of drugs that stimulate NMDA receptors
Hallucinations. Nightmares
38
What receptor is highly implicated in numerous neurological disorders and other disorders like Stroke or epilepsy
NMDA
39
What is anti NMDA receptor encephalitis
Body's immune system attacks the NMDA receptors
40
What is anti nmda receptor encephalitis known as
''Brain on fire''
41
What nervous system is acetylcholine found in
PNS
42
What is the main function of acetylcholine
Regulate movement
43
What are 2 antagonist of acetylcholine
1) Botulinum Toxin 2) Black widow spider venom
44
What does Botulinum do
Prevents the release of acetylcholine which can lead to paralysis or death
45
What do black widow spider venom do
Triggers fast release of acetylcholine
46
What can destroy acetylcholine
Acetycholineasterase
47
What is ACh (acetylcholine) agonist
Nicotine, Muscarine (poison mushrooms)
48
What is an antagonist for ACh
Some snake venoms, atropine
49
What are the 3 classes of monoamine NT
1) Catecholamines 2) Indolamine 3) Ethylamine
50
What class of monoamine nT do dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine belong to
Catecholamines
51
What kind of NT are monoamine NT considered
Classical
52
What does the dopaminergic pathways in the CNS include
1) Nigrostriatal 2) Mesolimbic system 3) Mesocortical system
53
What are dopaminergic pathways involved in
Motor functions and Parkinson's
54
Where is seritonine found
1) Pons 2) Midbrain 3) Brainstem
55
Where are the most notable seritonine located
Dorsal raphe nucleus
56
What is the function of seratonine
Mood regulation and control of sleep
57
Where is norepinephrine found
Locus coeruleus
58
What is the function of norepinephrine
Vigilance and alertness
59
Where are histamine located
Tuberomammillary nucleus
60
What is the role of histamine
Wakefulness
61
What kind of NT is Schizophrenia considered to be an excess of
Dopamine
62
What drug can induce psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
Amphétamines
63
What is the dopamine theory
States that the typical antipsychotic drugs only improve positive symptoms as opposed to ampthamines that helps with some negative symtpoms
64
What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression
Depression is caused by insufficient activity on the monoaminergic neurons
65
What are the two NT involved in depression
Norepinephrine and serotonin
66
What are peptides composed of
2 or more AA (amino acids)
67
What are peptides bigger than
GABBA and Glutamate
68
Can peptides be reabsorbed (reuptake) into the cell
NO
68
What are peptides deactivated by
Enzymes
69
What are peptides involved in
Inhibiting species-typical response (fight or flight) and reinforcement/reward
70
What channels does Oxytocin influence
Ca++
71
What is Oxytocin involved in
Urinary contraction and milk production
72
What is the endocannabinoid system involved in
Food intake, inflammation and sleep

PBI288 (6 decks)

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