Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PBI288 > Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators Flashcards

1
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier allow

A

Independent functions of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is serotonin most concentrated

A

Platlets and the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does norepinephrine affect

A

BP and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do agonists do

A

Binds to the receptor and allows it to perform the specific action it was intended to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do antagonists do

A

Block the receptors so NT cannot bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of receptors trigger secondary messengers

A

Post-synaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What receptors influence NT release

A

Autoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are extrasynaptic receptors

A

Located outside of the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of synapse and/or NT does extrasynaptic receptors affect

A

Axosomatic and NT that is not released from a synaptic terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 major classes of neurotransmitters

A

1) Glycine
2) Aspartate
3) GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of functions do Glycines have

A

Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are Glycine receptors found

A

Spinal cord AND brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an antagonist for glycine

A

Strychnine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Strychnine

A

Strong poison found in pesticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of function are glycine involved in

A

1) Motor Reflex
2) Pain sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Asparate stand for

A

Aspartic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are aspartates primarily found in

A

Ventral of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What functions (inh/exci) does aspartates have

A

Excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What other neurotransmitter do aspartates bind with to form the excitatory/inhibator pair in the ventral spinal cord

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What pair of neurotransmitter is similar to the glycine/aspartate pair

A

Glutamate and GABA in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do GABA stand for

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens if you block the synthesis of GABA

A

Seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do GABA A receptors allow to enter the cell and what happens to the cell

A

More Cl-
Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a indirect antagonist of GABA A receptors

A

Picrotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a competitive antagonist of GABA A receptors

A

Bicuculine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do Picrotoxin and Bicuculine cause

A

Convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do GABA B receptors open up

A

Ca+ and K+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the activation of GABA B lead to

A

Modulation of ion channels (Ex: cerebral plasticity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a major excitatory NT

A

glutamate

31
Q

What is glutamate involved in

A

1) Learning/memory
2) Dev. psychiatric disorders and drug addiction

32
Q

What is the most common glutamate receptor

A

AMPA

33
Q

How is glutamate converted to glutamine

A

1) Glutamate is released into synapses
2) Reabsorbed into the neurons
3) Soaked up by astrocytes
4) Voila

34
Q

What is the AMPA noncompetitive antagonist used for

A

Epilepsy

35
Q

What receptor is critical for the development of the CNS

A

NMDA

36
Q

What does NMDA stand for

A

N-Methyl-D-Asparate

37
Q

What are side effects of drugs that stimulate NMDA receptors

A

Hallucinations. Nightmares

38
Q

What receptor is highly implicated in numerous neurological disorders and other disorders like Stroke or epilepsy

A

NMDA

39
Q

What is anti NMDA receptor encephalitis

A

Body’s immune system attacks the NMDA receptors

40
Q

What is anti nmda receptor encephalitis known as

A

'’Brain on fire’’

41
Q

What nervous system is acetylcholine found in

A

PNS

42
Q

What is the main function of acetylcholine

A

Regulate movement

43
Q

What are 2 antagonist of acetylcholine

A

1) Botulinum Toxin
2) Black widow spider venom

44
Q

What does Botulinum do

A

Prevents the release of acetylcholine which can lead to paralysis or death

45
Q

What do black widow spider venom do

A

Triggers fast release of acetylcholine

46
Q

What can destroy acetylcholine

A

Acetycholineasterase

47
Q

What is ACh (acetylcholine) agonist

A

Nicotine, Muscarine (poison mushrooms)

48
Q

What is an antagonist for ACh

A

Some snake venoms, atropine

49
Q

What are the 3 classes of monoamine NT

A

1) Catecholamines
2) Indolamine
3) Ethylamine

50
Q

What class of monoamine nT do dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine belong to

A

Catecholamines

51
Q

What kind of NT are monoamine NT considered

A

Classical

52
Q

What does the dopaminergic pathways in the CNS include

A

1) Nigrostriatal
2) Mesolimbic system
3) Mesocortical system

53
Q

What are dopaminergic pathways involved in

A

Motor functions and Parkinson’s

54
Q

Where is seritonine found

A

1) Pons
2) Midbrain
3) Brainstem

55
Q

Where are the most notable seritonine located

A

Dorsal raphe nucleus

56
Q

What is the function of seratonine

A

Mood regulation and control of sleep

57
Q

Where is norepinephrine found

A

Locus coeruleus

58
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine

A

Vigilance and alertness

59
Q

Where are histamine located

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus

60
Q

What is the role of histamine

A

Wakefulness

61
Q

What kind of NT is Schizophrenia considered to be an excess of

A

Dopamine

62
Q

What drug can induce psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia

A

Amphétamines

63
Q

What is the dopamine theory

A

States that the typical antipsychotic drugs only improve positive symptoms as opposed to ampthamines that helps with some negative symtpoms

64
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

Depression is caused by insufficient activity on the monoaminergic neurons

65
Q

What are the two NT involved in depression

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin

66
Q

What are peptides composed of

A

2 or more AA (amino acids)

67
Q

What are peptides bigger than

A

GABBA and Glutamate

68
Q

Can peptides be reabsorbed (reuptake) into the cell

A

NO

68
Q

What are peptides deactivated by

A

Enzymes

69
Q

What are peptides involved in

A

Inhibiting species-typical response (fight or flight) and reinforcement/reward

70
Q

What channels does Oxytocin influence

A

Ca++

71
Q

What is Oxytocin involved in

A

Urinary contraction and milk production

72
Q

What is the endocannabinoid system involved in

A

Food intake, inflammation and sleep

PBI288 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions