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Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopathology is the study of…

A

Psychological disorders

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2
Q

What did Wells et al. find?

A

Maori and Pacific people were less likely to have accessed services

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3
Q

Te Whare Tapa Wha dimensions

A

Taha wairua
Taha whanau
Taha tinana
Taha hinengaro

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4
Q

5 criteria to define a disorder + nature of them for diagnosing one

A

Infrequency
Deviance
Distress
Disability
Danger

Can’t just have one to be diagnosed

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5
Q

Infrequency

A

How infrequent the behaviour we are seeing is

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6
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviours that are not considered typical in culture

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7
Q

Distress

A

The suffering the experience
To self or others

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8
Q

Disability

A

The degree of impairment experienced to their everyday things

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9
Q

Danger

A

The degree of risk present to;
Self
Others
From others
Property

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10
Q

What are the usualy 3 components to a disorder

A

A psychological factor (anxeity etc)
Distress or impairment
Atypical response

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11
Q

2 ways which we use to try and classify disorders

A
  1. DSM-5-TR
  2. ICD-11
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12
Q

In terms of meeting the 4 criteria, how does anxeity go?

A

Does not meet first criteria of infrequeny because it is experienced by most people and is common
BUT meets others because it is associated with
Distress
Danger
Disability

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13
Q

3 costs of anxeity

A

Distress
Impacts on physcial health (heart, immunity)
Social and occupational functioning

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14
Q

What is the contrast between Anxeity and Fear or panic?

A

Anxeity = future focused and an anticipated threat
Fear or Panic = present focused, an immediate threat, automatic

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15
Q

3 components of anxeity

A

Cognitive
- Thoughts and worries
Physiological
- Heart, stomach, sweating
Behavioural
- Avoidance

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16
Q

5 potential causes of anxeity disorders

A

Learning processes
Cognitive
Genetics
Neurobiology
Personality

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17
Q

Comorbid disorders?

A

Having one condition which leads to another condition

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18
Q

Managing anxeity is…..some ways to do so is…

A

Very important
Focus on skills (box breathing, muscle relaxation etc), address the thoughts, beleifs, and behaviours that reinforce the anxeity

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19
Q

Often, personality disorders are…

A

Poorly understood

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20
Q

Psychodynamic approach to treatment - aim + results

A

Aim: clients acheive insight on how the psychodynamic processes affect their functioning
Focus on dreams, past and free association
Eg; look at the card and see what they see
No evidence of this being too effective

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21
Q

Behaviour approach to treatment

A

Aim: clients identify that the behaviours are the cause of disorder
Focus on reinforcement of good behaviours rather than punishment
Exposure therapy - eg; virtual reality

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22
Q

Cognitive approach to treatment

A

Aim: clients identify and address maladaptive thoughts, beleifs and assumptions
Eg; Becks cognitive therapy, third wave cognitive therapy

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23
Q

Becks cognitive therapy

A

Fosters more positive beleifs
Identifying negative beleifs of the self, the world and others.

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24
Q

Third wave cognitive therapy

A

Adding other components to cognitive therapy
Eg; mindfullness and breathing

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25
The most commonly effective treatment approach is...
Cognitive behavioural therapy
26
4 features of personality disorders
Persistent behaviours - constant, no episodes Inflexible and pervasive across situations Stable overtime Usually linked to childhood or adolesence
27
Effects of personality disorders
Dificuilty in social interaction Intense or reduced behavioural/ emotional reactions Inflexible thinking Impulsive behaviours
28
Personality disorder clusters a,b,c key words
a = odd or eccentric b = dramatic c = anxious
29
Cluster A personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder
30
Cluster B personality disorder
Anti social personality disorder Boarderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder
31
Cluster C personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder Dependant personality disorder Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
32
4 dificulties with the criteria for personality disorders
Thresholds may not be useful Comorbidities Heterogenetiy within disorders Steryeotypical presentations
33
3 potential causes of personality disorders
Genetics Childhood experiences Individual temperment
34
Some dificulties with treatment for personality disorders
Takes longer - intrenched beliefs Therapy is dificuilt Poor research base High levels of stigma
35
Psychosis prevelance + causes
Relatively common - not everyone has but many have heard of Can be caused by; - Psychological disorders - Major stress - Drug use
36
5 Schizophrenia criteria (+ how many you need)
Delusions Hallucinations Disorginised speech Catatonia Negative symptoms Need at least 2 of
37
3 potential causes of schizophrenia
Brain disorder Birth month Pregnancy or birth complications
38
2 methods of schizophrenia treatment
Anti-psychotic CBT
39
3 clusters of symptoms
Positive symptoms - emotional experience above what we could expect from a typical population Negative symptoms - below what you would expect from a typical population Disorginised symptoms - word salad
40
What is the psychosis care like in NZ + barriers to it
Early intervention - before it gets bad Wrap around 3 years of care Care in community Social work, employment, wellbeing focused Barriers Geography - location Stigma
41
7 criteria for major depressive disorder
Low mood, loss of interest and loss of pleasire Wight loss or gain Sleep/ energy dificuilties Changes in motor movements Feelings of worthlessness Dificuilties with concentration Thoughts of self harm
42
In bipolar disorder there are periods of...
Major depressive episodes - hard to care for self Depressive episodes - can care for self but not happy Maniac episodes - talk fast, manic movements, impulse choices Hypomaniac episodes - feel great, not enaging in super risky behaviours
43
Rapid cycling definition + effect
Times between mood states is very short Associated with worse outcomes
44
2 potential causes of MDD
Genetic - how our brains uptake certain neurotransmitters Environment - social and psychological
45
What is Becks theory of depression
People who experience depression are more likely to have negative beliefs about the 3 areas of... Self World Future
46
Cognitive distortions are...
Assumptions we make in the thinking we do - eg; black and white thinking (all or nothing)
47
Values based vs traditional CBT
Values based = noticing thoughts and letting them stay but also not attactching to them and giving them any time/ thought Traditional = finding thoughts, noticing them and challenging them
48
CBT focuses on
Behavioural principles Thoughts Inner emotions Emotions
49
Bizarre delusions =
Impossible delusions, not connected to reality
50
Persecutory deliusions =
False beleif that one is being harmed by others
51
Nihilistic delusions =
Ending world
52
Referential beliefs =
Beleiving that a message is for self only - eg; news report is for them
53
Intrustive thoughts
Very common with very distressing content
54
Te Pa Harakeke
Child in the center of the plant - potential, needs good care to be grow up to be strong Parents/ important caregivers are right beside child - they are part of important relationship Further family on outside also need to nurture the family If the child gets taken care of well, it will become the parents or grandparents in future
55
Neurodevelopmental disorders can be... + key features
Disagnosed in childhood and still cause challenges into adulthood Key features: During the developmental period Genetic or biologcial cause Occur across the lifespan
56
4 neurodevelopmental disorders
Intellectual disability Learning disorders Autisim spectrum disorders ADHD
57
2 Behavioural disruptive disorders
1. Oppositional defiant disorder 2. Conduct disorder
58
Opisitional defiant disorder
Children refusing to listen to instructions of anyone of authority
59
Conduct disorder
Children who violate social norms, engaging in severe behaviours
60
What is an eg of a child adaption to CBT - other than hot cross bun which could work for adults but not children + a cultural altenative
Skateboarding model Waka model
61
What are the stats in NZ in terms of access to services for kids
It's hard to access services Half of parents report cost and waitlist barriers
62
What might be some reasons for adolecents taking substances
Anxeity and depression Stress Developmentally normal - social norms
63
Sustance use criteria
Tolerance Withdrawal Significant time invested in getting it/ using it Distress Physcial health + wellbeing harm
64
What did Ball et al. find?
The most common substance is alcohol There is a decrease in substance use BUT - Not due to smartphones - Can be positive - Young peoples substance use differs from adults
65
Treatment options for substance use
CBT Motivational interviewing Programmes like AA Medications
66
For adolescent substance use, we need to take in to account...
Adolescent life is dificuilt and stressful which can contribute to psychopatholoy already - Many life changes
67
... hold a big role in adolescent substance use
Whanau
68
Insomnia is...
Dissatisfaction with sleep for at least 3 months - quality or quantity Across 1 or more of the following areas - Falling asleep - Maintaining sleep - Early morning waking Which causes distress
69
In NZ... there are... (sleep)
High rates of poor sleep Sleep issues are common
70
There are varied causes of insomnia. 3 are...
Physical health causes (sleep obstruction, pain) Psychological (anxeity, worry, stress) Poor sleep hygiene
71
Treatment for insomnia
Medical intervention Envrionmental intervention (stimulus control, sleep hygene, sleep restriction) Psychologcial intervention (relaxation)
72
Stress =
Our bodies response to a demand or threat that exists in our envrionment
73
Short term stress can be...
Normal and even helpful sometimes
74
Symptoms of stress
Headaches, muscle tension Feeling anxious Changes in diet Upset stomach Poor sleep Dificuilty concentrating Sickness
75
Long term stress can be
Less helpful than short term stress and harmful. Affects our physcial systems - Increased stress hormones - Increases ageing Affects our mental health - Depression, anxeity, worry
76
Some treatments for stress
Life style changes Focus on values Relaxation and mindfulness Assertive skills training Setting boundaries Problem solving
77
What are some systemic factors which can affect access to stress treatment
Risk factors - age, poverty Historical factors - colonization Current processes - discrimination, racisim
78
ED's are more common in...
Females
79
ED's prevail in what ethnicity and age most
All ethnicities 17 yrs ish
80
Binge-eating criteria
Recurrent episodes of binge eating (large amount) 3 or more of: - Eating more rapidly than normal - Eating until feeling uncomfortably full - Eating when not physically hungry - Eating alone (hiding it) - Feeling guilt afterwards Functional impairment Frequency must be: at least once a week for 3 months or more No compensation
81
BMI catergories are used to define...
Normal weight Calculated as the ratio of weight to height squared
82
BMI's Under 18.5 = 18.5 - 25.0 = 25.0 - 30 = 30+ =
= underweight = normal weight = overweight = obese
83
4 criteria of Bulimia Nervosa Criteria
Recurrent episodes of binge eating (high emounts) Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (vommiting, laxitives, fasting, excessive exersise etc) Frequency A + B once a week for 3 months or more Self concept unduly influenced by shape and body weight
84
Key difference between Binge eating and Bulimia =
Binge has no compensatory strategies after but bulimia does
85
3 Anorexia Nervosa Criteria
Restriction of energy intake Intense fear of gaining weight even though underweight Any of the following: - Dential of severity - Disturbance in the perception of body weight or shape - Undue influence of body weight or shape on self concept
86
Key difference between anorexia and bulimia is...
Anorexia has low BMI and intense fear of not gaining weight
87
An eating disorder focuses on... A body dismorphic disorder focuses on...
Food Defects in body

PSYC112 (5 decks)

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