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PSYC112 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopathology is the study of…

A

Psychological disorders

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2
Q

What did Wells et al. find?

A

Maori and Pacific people were less likely to have accessed services

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3
Q

Te Whare Tapa Wha dimensions

A

Taha wairua
Taha whanau
Taha tinana
Taha hinengaro

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4
Q

5 criteria to define a disorder + nature of them for diagnosing one

A

Infrequency
Deviance
Distress
Disability
Danger

Can’t just have one to be diagnosed

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5
Q

Infrequency

A

How infrequent the behaviour we are seeing is

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6
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviours that are not considered typical in culture

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7
Q

Distress

A

The suffering the experience
To self or others

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8
Q

Disability

A

The degree of impairment experienced to their everyday things

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9
Q

Danger

A

The degree of risk present to;
Self
Others
From others
Property

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10
Q

What are the usualy 3 components to a disorder

A

A psychological factor (anxeity etc)
Distress or impairment
Atypical response

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11
Q

2 ways which we use to try and classify disorders

A
  1. DSM-5-TR
  2. ICD-11
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12
Q

In terms of meeting the 4 criteria, how does anxeity go?

A

Does not meet first criteria of infrequeny because it is experienced by most people and is common
BUT meets others because it is associated with
Distress
Danger
Disability

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13
Q

3 costs of anxeity

A

Distress
Impacts on physcial health (heart, immunity)
Social and occupational functioning

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14
Q

What is the contrast between Anxeity and Fear or panic?

A

Anxeity = future focused and an anticipated threat
Fear or Panic = present focused, an immediate threat, automatic

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15
Q

3 components of anxeity

A

Cognitive
- Thoughts and worries
Physiological
- Heart, stomach, sweating
Behavioural
- Avoidance

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16
Q

5 potential causes of anxeity disorders

A

Learning processes
Cognitive
Genetics
Neurobiology
Personality

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17
Q

Comorbid disorders?

A

Having one condition which leads to another condition

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18
Q

Managing anxeity is…..some ways to do so is…

A

Very important
Focus on skills (box breathing, muscle relaxation etc), address the thoughts, beleifs, and behaviours that reinforce the anxeity

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19
Q

Often, personality disorders are…

A

Poorly understood

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20
Q

Psychodynamic approach to treatment - aim + results

A

Aim: clients acheive insight on how the psychodynamic processes affect their functioning
Focus on dreams, past and free association
Eg; look at the card and see what they see
No evidence of this being too effective

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21
Q

Behaviour approach to treatment

A

Aim: clients identify that the behaviours are the cause of disorder
Focus on reinforcement of good behaviours rather than punishment
Exposure therapy - eg; virtual reality

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22
Q

Cognitive approach to treatment

A

Aim: clients identify and address maladaptive thoughts, beleifs and assumptions
Eg; Becks cognitive therapy, third wave cognitive therapy

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23
Q

Becks cognitive therapy

A

Fosters more positive beleifs
Identifying negative beleifs of the self, the world and others.

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24
Q

Third wave cognitive therapy

A

Adding other components to cognitive therapy
Eg; mindfullness and breathing

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25
Q

The most commonly effective treatment approach is…

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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26
Q

4 features of personality disorders

A

Persistent behaviours - constant, no episodes
Inflexible and pervasive across situations
Stable overtime
Usually linked to childhood or adolesence

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27
Q

Effects of personality disorders

A

Dificuilty in social interaction
Intense or reduced behavioural/ emotional reactions
Inflexible thinking
Impulsive behaviours

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28
Q

Personality disorder clusters a,b,c key words

A

a = odd or eccentric
b = dramatic
c = anxious

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29
Q

Cluster A personality disorder

A

Paranoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder

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30
Q

Cluster B personality disorder

A

Anti social personality disorder
Boarderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder

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31
Q

Cluster C personality disorder

A

Avoidant personality disorder
Dependant personality disorder
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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32
Q

4 dificulties with the criteria for personality disorders

A

Thresholds may not be useful
Comorbidities
Heterogenetiy within disorders
Steryeotypical presentations

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33
Q

3 potential causes of personality disorders

A

Genetics
Childhood experiences
Individual temperment

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34
Q

Some dificulties with treatment for personality disorders

A

Takes longer - intrenched beliefs
Therapy is dificuilt
Poor research base
High levels of stigma

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35
Q

Psychosis prevelance + causes

A

Relatively common - not everyone has but many have heard of
Can be caused by;
- Psychological disorders
- Major stress
- Drug use

36
Q

5 Schizophrenia criteria (+ how many you need)

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorginised speech
Catatonia
Negative symptoms

Need at least 2 of

37
Q

3 potential causes of schizophrenia

A

Brain disorder
Birth month
Pregnancy or birth complications

38
Q

2 methods of schizophrenia treatment

A

Anti-psychotic
CBT

39
Q

3 clusters of symptoms

A

Positive symptoms - emotional experience above what we could expect from a typical population
Negative symptoms - below what you would expect from a typical population
Disorginised symptoms - word salad

40
Q

What is the psychosis care like in NZ + barriers to it

A

Early intervention - before it gets bad
Wrap around
3 years of care
Care in community
Social work, employment, wellbeing focused

Barriers
Geography - location
Stigma

41
Q

7 criteria for major depressive disorder

A

Low mood, loss of interest and loss of pleasire
Wight loss or gain
Sleep/ energy dificuilties
Changes in motor movements
Feelings of worthlessness
Dificuilties with concentration
Thoughts of self harm

42
Q

In bipolar disorder there are periods of…

A

Major depressive episodes - hard to care for self
Depressive episodes - can care for self but not happy
Maniac episodes - talk fast, manic movements, impulse choices
Hypomaniac episodes - feel great, not enaging in super risky behaviours

43
Q

Rapid cycling definition + effect

A

Times between mood states is very short
Associated with worse outcomes

44
Q

2 potential causes of MDD

A

Genetic - how our brains uptake certain neurotransmitters
Environment - social and psychological

45
Q

What is Becks theory of depression

A

People who experience depression are more likely to have negative beliefs about the 3 areas of…
Self
World
Future

46
Q

Cognitive distortions are…

A

Assumptions we make in the thinking we do - eg; black and white thinking (all or nothing)

47
Q

Values based vs traditional CBT

A

Values based = noticing thoughts and letting them stay but also not attactching to them and giving them any time/ thought

Traditional = finding thoughts, noticing them and challenging them

48
Q

CBT focuses on

A

Behavioural principles
Thoughts
Inner emotions
Emotions

49
Q

Bizarre delusions =

A

Impossible delusions, not connected to reality

50
Q

Persecutory deliusions =

A

False beleif that one is being harmed by others

51
Q

Nihilistic delusions =

A

Ending world

52
Q

Referential beliefs =

A

Beleiving that a message is for self only - eg; news report is for them

53
Q

Intrustive thoughts

A

Very common with very distressing content

54
Q

Te Pa Harakeke

A

Child in the center of the plant - potential, needs good care to be grow up to be strong
Parents/ important caregivers are right beside child - they are part of important relationship
Further family on outside also need to nurture the family

If the child gets taken care of well, it will become the parents or grandparents in future

55
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders can be…
+ key features

A

Disagnosed in childhood and still cause challenges into adulthood

Key features:
During the developmental period
Genetic or biologcial cause Occur across the lifespan

56
Q

4 neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Intellectual disability
Learning disorders
Autisim spectrum disorders
ADHD

57
Q

2 Behavioural disruptive disorders

A
  1. Oppositional defiant disorder
  2. Conduct disorder
58
Q

Opisitional defiant disorder

A

Children refusing to listen to instructions of anyone of authority

59
Q

Conduct disorder

A

Children who violate social norms, engaging in severe behaviours

60
Q

What is an eg of a child adaption to CBT - other than hot cross bun which could work for adults but not children
+ a cultural altenative

A

Skateboarding model
Waka model

61
Q

What are the stats in NZ in terms of access to services for kids

A

It’s hard to access services
Half of parents report cost and waitlist barriers

62
Q

What might be some reasons for adolecents taking substances

A

Anxeity and depression
Stress
Developmentally normal - social norms

63
Q

Sustance use criteria

A

Tolerance
Withdrawal
Significant time invested in getting it/ using it
Distress
Physcial health + wellbeing harm

64
Q

What did Ball et al. find?

A

The most common substance is alcohol
There is a decrease in substance use BUT
- Not due to smartphones
- Can be positive
- Young peoples substance use differs from adults

65
Q

Treatment options for substance use

A

CBT
Motivational interviewing
Programmes like AA
Medications

66
Q

For adolescent substance use, we need to take in to account…

A

Adolescent life is dificuilt and stressful which can contribute to psychopatholoy already
- Many life changes

67
Q

… hold a big role in adolescent substance use

A

Whanau

68
Q

Insomnia is…

A

Dissatisfaction with sleep for at least 3 months - quality or quantity
Across 1 or more of the following areas
- Falling asleep
- Maintaining sleep
- Early morning waking
Which causes distress

69
Q

In NZ… there are… (sleep)

A

High rates of poor sleep
Sleep issues are common

70
Q

There are varied causes of insomnia. 3 are…

A

Physical health causes (sleep obstruction, pain)
Psychological (anxeity, worry, stress)
Poor sleep hygiene

71
Q

Treatment for insomnia

A

Medical intervention
Envrionmental intervention (stimulus control, sleep hygene, sleep restriction)
Psychologcial intervention (relaxation)

72
Q

Stress =

A

Our bodies response to a demand or threat that exists in our envrionment

73
Q

Short term stress can be…

A

Normal and even helpful sometimes

74
Q

Symptoms of stress

A

Headaches, muscle tension
Feeling anxious
Changes in diet
Upset stomach
Poor sleep
Dificuilty concentrating
Sickness

75
Q

Long term stress can be

A

Less helpful than short term stress and harmful.
Affects our physcial systems
- Increased stress hormones
- Increases ageing
Affects our mental health
- Depression, anxeity, worry

76
Q

Some treatments for stress

A

Life style changes
Focus on values
Relaxation and mindfulness
Assertive skills training
Setting boundaries
Problem solving

77
Q

What are some systemic factors which can affect access to stress treatment

A

Risk factors - age, poverty
Historical factors - colonization
Current processes - discrimination, racisim

78
Q

ED’s are more common in…

A

Females

79
Q

ED’s prevail in what ethnicity and age most

A

All ethnicities
17 yrs ish

80
Q

Binge-eating criteria

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating (large amount)
3 or more of:
- Eating more rapidly than normal
- Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
- Eating when not physically hungry
- Eating alone (hiding it)
- Feeling guilt afterwards
Functional impairment
Frequency must be: at least once a week for 3 months or more
No compensation

81
Q

BMI catergories are used to define…

A

Normal weight
Calculated as the ratio of weight to height squared

82
Q

BMI’s
Under 18.5 =
18.5 - 25.0 =
25.0 - 30 =
30+ =

A

= underweight
= normal weight
= overweight
= obese

83
Q

4 criteria of Bulimia Nervosa Criteria

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating (high emounts)
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (vommiting, laxitives, fasting, excessive exersise etc)
Frequency A + B once a week for 3 months or more
Self concept unduly influenced by shape and body weight

84
Q

Key difference between Binge eating and Bulimia =

A

Binge has no compensatory strategies after but bulimia does

85
Q

3 Anorexia Nervosa Criteria

A

Restriction of energy intake
Intense fear of gaining weight even though underweight
Any of the following:
- Dential of severity
- Disturbance in the perception of body weight or shape
- Undue influence of body weight or shape on self concept

86
Q

Key difference between anorexia and bulimia is…

A

Anorexia has low BMI and intense fear of not gaining weight

87
Q

An eating disorder focuses on…
A body dismorphic disorder focuses on…

A

Food
Defects in body

PSYC112 (5 decks)

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