Health Psychology Flashcards
What are the 3 different ways stress can be thought of?
- A stimulus
- A response
- A person-situation interaction
What are the stages of the person-situation interaction with stress?
- Situational component
- Cognitive appraisal
- Psychological responses
- Coping strategies
Eg’s of the situational component?
= The demands of the situation
Intensity
Duration
Predictability
Controllability
Chronicity
Eg’s of the cognitive appraisal component?
Worry
Racing thoughts
Low confidence
Eg’s of the psysiological component/ response?
Muscle tension
Increased heart rate
Shortness of breath
Suceptability to illness
2 physiological responses to stress;
Sympathetic adrenomedullary system
Hypothalamic-Pituatary-Adrenocortial System
Hypothalamic-Pituatary-Adrenocortial System (HPA)
Longer term process than HPA
Anterior pituatary gland sends a stimulus to the adrenal glands which leads to the production of cortisol
Sympathetic adrenomedullary system (SAM)
Immediate response
You have activation of sympathetic neurons which activates your adrenal glands which leads to the production of Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
What response is occurring when someone jumps out at you?
Sympathetic adrenomedullary system (SAM)
4 types of coping strategies for stress
Problem focused
Avoidance/disengagement
Emotion focused
Social support
Problem solving coping strategy (3 types)
Problem solving: finding methods that might deter the impact of presence of a stressor
Cognitive restructing: reassesing the situation/ placing a different spin on it
Finding meaning: finding some benefit in it
Avoidance coping strategy (5 types)
Active distraction - run
Cognitive distraction - reading a book
Dential/ Emotional containment - denying it
Humor - making jokes
Drug use - Vaping, drinking
Emotion focused coping strategy (3 types)
Emotional expression - crying
Other blame - blaming others
Self blame - blaming self
Rumination - thinking about it over and over, dwelling
Wishful thinking - optimistic
Passive resignation - acceptance
Social support coping stratgy (3 types)
Apprisal support (advice)
Belonging support (hanging out)
Tangible Support (problem solving help)
4 theraputic approaches to stess?
Cognitive behaviour therapy (changing coping strategies)
Acceptance and Committment therapy (acceptance)
Dialectial behaviour therapy (acceptance but also open to idea of change)
Pharmacotherapy (medical drugs)
3 broad impacts of stress on health?
Psychoogcial wellbeing
Physical illness
Immune system
Eg study of stress impacting psychologcial wellbeing
Solider study
As they witnessed more violence, they had more PTSD
Eg study of stress impacting physcial illness
Coronary Artery disease study
Those who scored higher on the amount of home/work stress had higher rates of coronary artery disease
Eg study of stress impacting immune system
Respiratory infection children study
Infants and young children that experienced more than 1 negative life event per year have higher rates of respitory infections
Stigma is a …… not a ….
Social construction
Not a fact
Mental illness stigma is like a ….. because….
Double edged sword
Because people have to deal with the illness as well as soceity treating them poorly
2 Primary sources of Mental Illness stigma are in…
News becuause we only hear about the bad
and Movies because they use it as the plot
Results of the joker study testing MI stigma
After watching the joker, peoples fear and authorotarianism increased
3 ways to combat stigma
Contact
Education
Protest
Like minds history campaign did what and what results were received
National tv campaigns, other media and communication activties + community action and + education
Had a positive impact - people disagreed with prejudice statements more
Social model of disability
Struggles with the disability are not caused by the impairments from itself but from the way soceity fails to orginise itself to help people with disability
Medical model of disability
Individual focused - the disability causes struggle
Neurodiversity Paradigm
We should think about the differences we see not as dysfunction but just as differences - not bad things
The neurodiversity paradigm and medical model are different in their …. but have the same ….
Approaches
Same common goals of:
- Cure
- Minimising harm
- Pragmatic compromise
- Should’t try and pathologise things that are just differences
Person-first language
“Person with autisim”
Identify First language
“Autistic person”
From the study on preference of language…what type of language did autistic people prefer?
Identify first language - becuause they see their disorder as a strength and it is their itendity.
3 ways autistic people camoflauge into soceity?
Compensation - compensating for traits
Masking - hiding traits
Assimilation - copying
What did the study of social camoflauging find?
Autistic people camoflauge more than non-autistic people
They feel more pressure to fit into societal norms
Study on relation between perspective of disorder and self esteem found what?
If they held a neurodiversity perspective of their disorder, they have higher self esteem
The 3 models of Maori health
Te Whare Tapa Wha
Whiti Te Ra
Meihana Model
Te Whare Tapa Wha model =
The house
4 walls:
Taha Tinana = physical
Taha Wairua = spiritual
Taha Hinengaro = Mental/emotional
Taha Whanau = social
Te Whare Tapa Wha cannot be….
Split
All have to be acheived for wellbeing
Whiti Te Ra maori model =
6 themes:
Reo Maori = language
Taiao = connection with envrionment
Wairua = spritual
Mahi-a-toi = Art forms
Whanau = relational values
Whakapapa = Intergenerational relationships
Values in the Waka of Meihana Model
Whanau = support networks
Tinana = physcial
Hinengaro = mental
Wairua = spirituality
Taio = Connection to envrionment
Iwi Katoa = serivces and systems
4 winds of the Meihana model =
Colinisation
Racisim
Migration
Marginilisation
4 currents of the Meihana model =
Ahua = personal indicators of Maori
Tikanga = cultural principles
Whenua = spiritual connection to whanau or land
Whanau = relationships/ responsibilities
3 models of Pacifica health?
Fonofale
Te Vaka Atafaga
Seitapu framework
Fonofale model =
House
Family at the base
Physcial, mental, spiritual and other as the pillars connecting two
Culture as the roof
Context, time and envrionment as influences above house
What does the quote “he toeaina ke nofo i te mulivaka” mean for the model
Elder sitting at the kanoes stern
Te Vaka Atafaga model =
Mafaufau = Waka with elder at the stern (mind)
Social/ support systems = people in rest of boat, support systems
Family = family
Physical body
Spirituality/ Belief systems
Envrionment
Seitapu framework =
Centre = you/ the health carer
Rings =
Health sector
Ethics
Orginisation
Tapu
Language
Families
Corners =
Clinical theory
Cultural theory
Cultural practise
Clinical practice
- Have to balance
Box around outside =
Consumer
& Families
For alcohol use, not only does it peak for …. age but also there is periods where …
Peaks for 18-20 age but there is also times/ places where it peaks even higher - eg; O week
What gender has the highest rates of alcohol deaths
Males
The drug which has the highest harm is
Alcohol
How did alcohol frequency change after 1999 (age lowered)
Didn’t really change
How did quantity change after 1999 (age lowered)
Increased for males and females
How did weekend assaults change after 1999 (age lowered)
Increased for male and females
How did traffic crashes change after 1999 (age lowered)
Did not change
3 approaches to addressing adolcent alcohol use
Parent
Psychologcial
Policy
Parent approaches to address adolecent alcohol use?
Many parents supply children with alcohol for safe atmosphere but there is no evidence supporting any benefit from this
6 protective family measures?
- Cohesive and Supportive family envrionment
- Clear rules
- Monitoring
- Education of predictors
- Education of consequences
- Authorotative not authorotarian
Psychologcial approaches to addressing adolescent alcohol use =
Dealing with people individually
Assesing risk and making a solution to try and lower risk
FRAMES?
F = feedback
R = responsiblity sits with them
A = advice
M = menu of options
E = empathy
S = self belief building
The most effective approach to addressing adolesent alcohol abuse is…
Policy approaches (usually)
5 things that could be done to mitigate adolecent alcohol use with policy approaches?
- Increase price
- Increase age to buy
- Decrease access
- Decrease advertising and sponsorship
- Increase drink driving countermeasures (stops etc)
The more hours you spend on social media…
The worse you feel about your looks
Tripartite Influence model =
3 sources of appearance pressure:
1. Peers
2. Family
3. Media
Which all lead to internalization and comparisons
Which reduces self esteem
The most appearance pressure comes from what source?
Social media
What occurs more? Comparison or internalization?
Body comparison
Most of time spend on social media is ….
Browsing
It’s not just browsing on social media that has an impact, but also…
Editing photos - how you use social media
The body positivity study found:
Seeing body positive content increases body appreciation most
Body functionality is the idea of =
Being appreciative of the things your body can do rather than how it looks
The study on body functionality found:
People get a decrease in body appreciation when they see thin ideal images but the group who talks about their body functionality after increases higher than the group who did the other task.
PRACTICE Q: Jackie is very stressed and makes light of his situation, what type of coping strategy is he using?
Avoidance
Protest based inteventions for reducing stigma involve…
Challenging a media orginizations portrayal of mental illness
Saying “Jane lives with autisim” is an example of…
Person first language
In the Te Whare Tapa Wha model, going for a run is best captured by:
Taha Tinana
Which theoretical model posits that body image dissatisfaction is influenced by the discrepancy between the actual body and idealised body standard?
D. Self discrepancy theory.
