Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Piaget’s perceived stages of cognitive development;
- Sensorimotor stage
- Pre-operational stage
- Concrete operations stage
- Formal operations stage
What falls under Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years old
Object permanence
Schema formation
Representational thought
Object permanence process from 0-12 months
0-3months = look at interesting stuff
3 months = follow moving objects, stares where object has just disappeared but no searching
5 months = anticipate future position of object
8 months = searches for hidden object - a not b effect
12 months = search in last place they saw the object
What falls inside schema formation
Assimilation = new information is modified to fit in with an existing schema
Accomodation = existing schema is modified or changed by new experience.
Calling a rabbit a dog =
Learning the rabbit is not a dog and is a rabbit =
= Assimilation
= Accomodation
What falls under representational thought
Imitation
Deffered imitation
Symbolic play
Using words to represent objects
What falls under Piaget’s the Preoperational Stage
2-7 years
Can think logically and symbolically
Rapid development of language ability
Counting
Object manipulation
Conservation =
Specific properties of objects remain the same despite apparent changes or arrangement of the object
Egocentrism =
A childs beleif that others see the world the exact same as them - the only way to see it in their eyes.
What is inside Piaget’s Concrete Operations Stage
7 to 12 years
Can perform logical analysis
Can have empathy - not egocentric
Can understand complex cause and effect relations
What falls within Piaget’s formal operations stage?
12+
Abstract reasoning
Metacognition - thinking about own thinking
What are the 2 criticisms of Piaget
- Babies don’t seem to start with nothing
- Cognitive development isn’t an all or nothing phenomenon
Authorotative parenting
High demandingness
High responsivness
Authorotarian parenting
High demandingness
Low responsiveness
Permissive parenting
Low demandingness
High reponsiveness
Disengaged parenting
Low demandingness
Low responsiveness
What are Kholberg’s 3 stages
- Pre-conventional level
- Conventional level
- Post conventional level
Kholbergs Preconventional Level
Behaviour based on external sanctions like authority and punishment
Kholbergs Conventional Level
An understanding that the social system has an interest in peoples behaviour
Understanding of stuff that isn’t just you - other people effect
Kholbergs Post-conventional Level
Moral rules have some underying principles that apply to all situations and societies.
Ethical system
Gender roles
Cultural expectations
Gender steryeotypes
Societal norms
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Adrenal glands lacking an enzyme that keeps hormones in check
Eg - produce too much testosterone so clitorus resembles penis
Scribbling stage of drawing
Not representative
Preschematic stage of drawing
Tadpoles
Early Schematic stage of drawing
Schema developed
Seperation of trunk from head
Later Schematic stage of drawing
Substance added
Arms correct
Detail
Neck representation
Realistic stage of drawing
More detail
Period of indecision stage of drawing
Deciding whether they are an art person or not
When drawing for communication aid, what is not important?
Context of drawing
Just measuring what they say while drawing
2 manipulated variables in Butler, Gross, Hayne?
Interview
Question type
2 measured variables in Butler, Gross and Hayne?
Amount recalled
Errors in recall
Butler, Gross and Hayne overall found that…
Children in draw and tell reported twice as much info in direct recall phase than the tell (no drawing) children did
Accuracy same
OVERALL
Say more with directed and drawing
What governs children’s ability to act as reliable witnesses
Memory
Verbal reports
Suggestibility
Potential problems for child witnesses
Lack of legal knowledge
Intimidating to confront accused
Scary courtroon envrionment
Cross examination goals
In NZ the current situation for child witnesses is…
3 options;
In courtroom with shielding screen from accused
Another room via CCTV
Pre recorded video tape
Judge no longer warns jury that children are prone to distortion of facts
IC’s are more common in … than …
Girls than boys
Prior to the 20th century, IC’s were seen as…
Spiritual or religious terms
From the 1930’s IC’s were seen as…
Bad and not encouraged
Said that if they had imaginary friends then they are missing something
What percent of IC’s are based on real people
16%
True or false, Attatchment objects are less common than IC’s
False - they are more common
Attatchment objects help to…
Reduce distress
Facilitate exploration
Overall, the conclusion on IC’s and AO’s is that….
There are benefits with them but ALSO no negatives of not having one
American Academy of Pediatrics recomend that…
0-2
3-8
8+
Should have how many hours of TV per day
0-2 = none
3-8 = 1 hour
8+ = 1.5-2 hours
Ball and Bogatz for sesame street found…
Children who watched the highest levels of sesame street showed the highest levels of skills
Poorer children had the biggest growth
Powerangers study found…
There was an immediate effect of power rangers - more agressive
- Especially boys
Problem with the Poweranges study…
Did not test if the effect lasted
Huessman study on criminal offences found…
Boys who exhibited higher preference for violent TV commited more serious crimes
What was the problem with the Huessman criminal offences-tv study
Could be other factors effecting
What gender spends more time on videogames?
Males
Potential benefits of video games are:
- Theraputic for illnesses
- Fine motor skills and co-ordination
- Distraction
- Decision making
Anderson and Dill videogame study 1 found…
Videogame use correlated with aggressive personality, non-agressive deliquency and aggressive delinquincy
Anderson and Dill’s seccond videogame study found…
Women delivered longer white noise blasts than men
Individuals with higher agressive personality scores delivered longer blasts than those who played the non-violent videogame
The results of the Anderson and Dill study occured even when…
Other variables were controlled for
What is the comparison of danger for videogames vs tv + why
Danger of violent videogames is greater than the dangers of violent tv
Because the player is the aggressor and there are often rewards for aggression
Whereas tv is out of control more.
