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A level psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A

Statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, deviation from ideal mental health, failure to function adequately

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2
Q

Define statistical infrequency

A

what is normal usually happens (or happens to the majority of people) and anything that occurs rarely is abnormal.

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3
Q

Define deviation from social norms

A

behaviour is abnormal if it goes against what most people in society would consider acceptable.

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4
Q

Define deviation from ideal mental health

A

behaviour is abnormal if it lacks the signs of what people consider to be ideal mental health.

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5
Q

Define Failure to function adequately

A

behaviour is abnormal if it prevents a person from leading their everyday life.

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6
Q

AO3 evaluation points for statistical infrequency are

A

+ High reliability, practical applications
- Incomplete explanations, simplified

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7
Q

AO3 evaluation points for deviation from social norms are

A

+ Holistic, Practical applications
- Generalisability, theoretical issues

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8
Q

AO3 evaluation points for deviation from ideal mental health are

A

+ Holism, promotes goal setting
- Simplistic, culture

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9
Q

AO3 evaluation points for failure to function adequately are

A

+ Objectivity, Credibility
- Generalisability, culturally relative

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10
Q

What are the forms of failure to function adequately

A

Observer discomfort: behaviour makes those around feel uncomfortable

Violation of moral standards: not behaving in accordance with society’s norms

Vividness: others find the behaviour odd

Suffering: individual may suffer as a result of their condition or may conflict suffering on others

Unpredictable: behaviour is unexpected or unpredictable

Maladaptiveness: behaviour prevents the person reaching desired goals

Irrational: behaviour seems to defy logical sense

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11
Q

What factors make up Jahoda’s 6 main characteristics of ideal mental health

A

Positive attitude towards oneself, accurate perception of reality, autonomy, resisting stress, self actualisation, environmental mastery

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12
Q

Define positive attitude towards oneself as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

having a high self esteem and strong sense of identity

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13
Q

Define accurate perception of reality as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

Not distorted by faulty thinkings or delusions

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14
Q

Define autonomy as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

The ability to function as an independent person, taking responsibility for our own actions

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15
Q

Define resisting stress as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

Synthesising self attitude and personal growth to create resistance to stress

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16
Q

Define self actualisation as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

The extent to which a person develops their full capabilities

17
Q

Define environmental mastery as one of Jahoda’s characteristics for ideal mental health

A

Ability to love, function at work and interpersonal relations, adjust to new situations and solve problems

18
Q

What factors make up Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Personal distress, maladaptive behaviour, unpredictability, irrationality, observer discomfort, violation of moral qualities, unconventionality

19
Q

Define personal distress as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

The individual may suffer as a result of their condition (e.g. depression) or may inflict suffering on others

20
Q

Define maladaptive behaviour as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Behaviour prevents the person reaching desired goals, e.g. unable to work or have relationships

21
Q

Define unpredictability as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Behaviour is unexpected or unpredictable

22
Q

Define irrationality as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Behaviour seems to defy logical sense

23
Q

Define observer discomfort as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Behaviour makes those around feel uncomfortable

24
Q

Define violation of moral qualities as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Not behaving in accordance with society’s norms

25
Q

Define unconventionality (vividness) as one of Rosenham and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction (failure to function adequately)

A

Others find the behaviour odd

26
Q

What is a phobia

A

An intense, overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, situation, feeling or animal

27
Q

What are the three main types of phobias

A

Specific phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia

28
Q

What are emotional characteristics of a phobia

A

Persistent, excessive, unreasonable fear. High level of anxiety when anticipating the object. Fear when presented with the object. Related to feelings or mood

29
Q

What are behavioural characteristic of phobias

A

Panic attacks, crying, screaming, running away, freezing or clinging. Avoiding the feared stimulus. Disruption of everyday functioning. Ways in which people act

30
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Concious awareness of exaggerated anxiety. Paying selective attention to the feared stimulus. Irrational beliefs or cognitive distortions. Refers to thinking and knowing

31
Q

What is depression

A

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest

32
Q

What are emotional characteristics of depression

A

Persistent low mood, pronounced feelings of sadness. Anger directed at self and/or others. Lowered self esteem - feeling worthless and empty

33
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Lack of interest in normal everyday activities. Social withdrawal. Insomnia or excessive desire to sleep (hypersomnia). Aggression towards others or self harm

34
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration - difficulties attending to a task and/or decision making. Cognitive biases - focus on negative aspects of a situation. Suicidal thoughts

35
Q

What is OCD

A

Anxiety disorder split into obsession and compulsion

36
Q

What are emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety and distress - may accompany both obsessions and compulsions. Low mood and/or depression. Feelings of guilt or disgust may accompany OCD anxiety

37
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions: repetitive behaviours e.g. hand washing, which are often performed in an attempt to reduce anxiety. Avoidance of situations that trigger anxiety e.g. individual with germ obsession avoids emptying bins

38
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts that recur over and over. Cognitive coping strategies e.g. praying. Understanding that obsessions or compulsions are irrational

39
Q
A

A level psychology (19 decks)

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