psychopathology

Question 1

ABC model

Answer 1

Ellis’s explanation that depression results from irrational interpretations of negative events

A= activating event. B= beliefs. C= consequences

Question 2

Agoraphobia

Answer 2

Irrational fear of being outside or in a public place

Question 3

Avoidance

Answer 3

The act of staying away from something (e.g. phobic object or situation)

Question 4

Basal ganglia

Answer 4

Region of the brain involved in the coordination of movement that has been linked to OCD

Question 5

Bipolar depression

Answer 5

Condition where a person has periods of elevated mood (mania) as well as periods of depression

Question 6

Catastrophising

Answer 6

cognitive error where you exaggerate a minor setback and turn it into a major disaster

Question 7

CBT

Answer 7

Cognitive behavioural therapy is a commonly used therapy which involves challenging and replacing irrational thought patterns

Question 8

Cognitive bias

Answer 8

Error in thinking caused by simplified information processing

Question 9

Compulsion

Answer 9

uncontrollable behaviours and rituals in response to negative and undesirable thoughts

Question 10

COMT gene

Answer 10

Gene which has a variation which results in higher levels of dopamine and this variation is more common in patients with OCD

Question 11

Counter-conditioning

Answer 11

Learning a new response to the phobic object/ situation e.g. replacing fear with relaxation

Question 12

Deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 12

Jahoda
Not meeting criteria which suggests you are mentally healthy. Looking at what woild comprise the ideal mental states of an individual

e.g. a positive attitude towards oneself, self actualisation, autonomy, ability to resist stress, an accurate perception of reality, mastery of environment

Question 13

Deviation from social norms

Answer 13

abnormal behaviour is based upon straying from the social norms (the expected rules of behaviour in society) specific yo a certain culture

the degree to which a behaviour is abnormal depends on how extreme the deviation is

Question 14

Dopamine

Answer 14

Higher levels of this neurotransmitter have been associated with the compulsions shown by OCD patients

Question 15

DSM-V

Answer 15

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition is the standard classification of mental disorders used in the USA

Question 16

Empirical dispute

Answer 16

REBT technique where the therapist seeks evidence for a person’s thoughts

Question 17

Failure to function adequately

Answer 17

Rosenhan and Seligman

When a person’s behavioural means they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life e.g. preventing a person from having successful interpersonal interactions

-personal distress
-maladaptive behaviour
-discomfort for others

Question 18

Fear hierarchy

Answer 18

A list of situations related to the phobic object/ situation arranged in order from least to most frightening

Question 19

Flooding (in-vivo)

Answer 19

behavioural treatment for phobia which involves actual exposure to the phobic object/situation without being able to escape

Question 20

flooding (in-vitro)

Answer 20

Behavioural treatment for a phobia which involves imagined exposure to the phobic object/situation without being able to escape

Question 21

logical dispute

Answer 21

REBT technique where the therapies disputes the logic of a person’s thoughts

Question 22

negative self schemas

Answer 22

negative information we hold about ourselves based on negative past experiences that can lead to cognitive biases

Question 23

negative triad

Answer 23

three types of negative thinking (self, world and future) that Beck suggested occur automatically in people who are depressed

Question 24

obsession

Answer 24

continuous and repeated undesirable thoughts

Question 25

orbifrontal cortex

Answer 25

a region of the brain which converts sensory information into thoughts and actions- higher activity has been found here in OCD patients

Question 26

overgeneralisation

Answer 26

cognitive error where you make a sweeping conclusion from a single incident

Question 27

REBT

Answer 27

Ellis (rational emotive behaviour therapy) aims to identify and dispute the patients thoughts and challenge them as irrational leading to a vigorous argument

Question 28

Selective attention

Answer 28

focusing on one piece of information while ignoring other information viewed as irrelevant

Question 29

serotonin

Answer 29

neurotransmitter which regulates mood- lower levels are associated with OCD

Question 30

SERT gene

Answer 30

gene which affects the transport of serotonin causing lower levels of serotonin which is associated with OCD

Question 31

Simple or specific phobia

Answer 31

irrational fear of an object (spiders) or situation (flying)

Question 32

social norm

Answer 32

the rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society

Question 33

social phobia

Answer 33

irrational fear of a social situation (eg. speaking in public)

Question 34

SSRIs

Answer 34

antidepressant drugs used to treat OCD which work by preventing the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin

Question 35

statistical infrequency

Answer 35

statistically rare characteristics and behaviour. the further a characteristics or behaviour is from the mathematical average the more statistically infrequent it is

Question 36

systematic desensitisation

Answer 36

a behaviour therapy designed to gradually reduce a phobia through the principle of classical conditioning

Question 37

two-process model

Answer 37

behavioural explanation for phobias which suggests they are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning

Question 38

unipolar depression

Answer 38

a major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase

Question 39

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 39

the idea that it is impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time