approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

behaviorist approach

A

a learning approach that suggests that all children are born as tabula rasa (blank slate) learning through their interactions with their environment

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2
Q

biological approach

A

a learning approach that views human behaviour as a result of genetics and proposed that individual psychology stems from internal physiology

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

a form of learning which occurs by associating naturally occurring instinct with new stimuli, thus creating a conditioned response

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4
Q

cognitive approach

A

a learning approach which likens the human mind to a computer, with internal mental processes turning an input to an output. This approach suggests studying these internal processes by inference is the key to understanding human psychology

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5
Q

congruence

A

when a person’s ideal self and actual self are aligned

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6
Q

defence mechanism

A

strategies employed by the ego to protect the mind from feelings that may be too overwhelming

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7
Q

denial

A

a defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. This is the complete refusal to acknowledge the occurrence of an event in an attempt to prevent harm

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8
Q

displacement

A

a defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. This mechanism works by substituting the real target of overwhelming emotions with a defenceless target. This allows for cathartic release of emotions that would not be possible with the original target

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9
Q

ego

A

one of the three components of the personality according to the psychodynamic approach. The ego develops after the id and functions to mediate between the fesires of the id and what is attainable. The ego is the decision making component

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10
Q

free will

A

the idea that we are in full control of our behaviour and decisions

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11
Q

genotype

A

the genetic profile of an individual e.g. the genes they carry

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12
Q

humanistic approach

A

a learning approach which presumes that all humans are fundamentally good, and encourages the holistic study of the entire individual

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13
Q

Id

A

one of three components of the personality according to the psychodynamic approach. The id is most primitive and selfish paet of the personality, the only one present at birth and only concerned with desires and achieving them

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14
Q

identification

A

a form of learning according to the social learning theory, which suggests humans can learn by observing rol models whom they perceive as similar to themselves. It suggests we internalise the beliefs of someone we identify with- are similar to, perhaps in age, gender of goals

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15
Q

imitation

A

a form of learning suggested by social learning theory which proposes that people learn through copying the behaviour of a role model they identify with

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16
Q

maslows hierarchy of needs

A

theory that suggests humans have multiple needs that need to be achieved in a particular order to fully achieve a person’s potential

17
Q

modelling

A

when a role model enacts a behaviour that can be imitated by an observer

18
Q

mediational processes

A

internal processes that contribute to producing certain behaviours, hence mediators between ibservation and imitation

19
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behaviour performed in response to a negative stimulus in the expectation that negative stimulus would be removed.
For example a mother comforting a crying child. They learn to comfort their child again and again (reinforced behaviour) to avoid the child crying (negative stimulus)

20
Q

operant conditional

A

a form of learning by direct consequences for behaviour. Whether that be reinforcement (consequences that increase behaviour) or punishment (consequences that decrease behaviour)

21
Q

phenotype

A

an organisms physical manifestation of their genotype

22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

administration of a positive stimulus that aims to increase a certain behaviour.
An example would be giving a child a treat (positive stimulus) of they clean their room so they clean their room more often. (reinforced behaviour)

23
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

a learning approach that describes human behaviour as a product of unconscious processes

24
Q

psychosexual stages

A

a theory by freud that suggests a personality develops via overcoming a series of stages in childhood. failure to complete a stage would result in fixation which manifests as some sort of disorder in adulthood

25
Q

repression

A

a defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. The mechanism prevents disturbing memories reaching the conscious mind, in attempt to prevent harm

26
Q

schema

A

a mental framework based on previous information that allows us to interpreted new information efficiently

27
Q

self actualization

A

essentially a person’s full potential, which can be achieved after primary needs have been met

28
Q

social learning theory

A

a learning approach that combines the behaviourist ideas of learning through our environment and the cognitive ideas of involvement of internal mental processes. Proposed that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others

29
Q

superego

A

one of the three components of the personality according to the psychodynamic approach. The superego develops last and aims to be the moral component of personality that encourages the ego to achieve perfection via self criticism

30
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

indirect encouragement of behaviour through observation of consequences for other people’s behaviour