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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

statistical infrequency

A

occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic.
bottom/top 2% on normal distribution curve considered abnormal

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2
Q

deviation from social norms

A

sees any behaviour which differs from that which society expects as abnormal.
(passed through socialisation and can change overtime/culture)

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3
Q

failure to function adequately

A

abnormality judged as inability to deal with the demands of everyday living.
eg •stops them from working
•causing them or others harm
•stops them being hygienic
•causes observer discomfort

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4
Q

deviation from ideal mental health

A

absence of signs of good mental health used to judge abnormality.
Jahoda developed these ideals:
1.accurate perception of reality
2.positive attitude to him/herself
3.self actualisation
4.resistance to stress
5.environmental mastery
6.be independent of other people

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5
Q

cultural relativism

A

the idea that one cannot judge behaviour properly unless it is viewed in the cultural context from which it originated.

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6
Q

individualistic culture

A

culture where they put the self as more important.

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7
Q

collectivist culture

A

cultures where they put the groups needs before their own.

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8
Q

definition of phobias

A

a persistent and irrational fear of a specific situation, object or activity which is consequently either strenuously avoided or endured with marked distress.

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9
Q

definition of depression

A

depression is a mental health disorder that is characterised by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.

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10
Q

definition of OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder is a common mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts (internal) and compulsive behaviour (external).

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11
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A

•sadness
•avolition
•anger

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12
Q

emotional characteristics os OCD

A

•anxiety and distress.
•embarrassment and shame.

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13
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

•panic.
•avoidance.

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14
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A

•reduction in energy.
•insomnia or increased sleep.
•appetite changes.

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15
Q

behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

•compulsive behaviour.
•avoidance.

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16
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

•irrational thought process.
•cognitive distortions.

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17
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A

•negative thoughts.
•poor concentration.
•memory bias.

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18
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

•obsessive thoughts.
•sufferer is aware these obsessive thoughts are irrational.

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19
Q

DSM

A

diagnostic statistical manual, published by the american psychiatric association

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20
Q

ICD

A

international statistical classification of diseases, published by the world health organisation.

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21
Q

behavioural approach

A

theory of learning that states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning.

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22
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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23
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement

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24
Q

mowrers (1960) two process model

A

•phobias are acquired or initiated through classical conditioning.
•phobias are maintained or continued through operant conditioning.

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25
Q

how are phobias initiated

A

ucs —> ucr
ns + ucs —> ucr
ns —> cr

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26
Q

how are phobias maintained

A

• operant conditioning takes place as behaviour is reinforced.
• a person avoids a feared object to reduce anxiety and is therefore reinforced (negative reinforcement)

27
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

first type of counter-conditioning, where patients learn to respond to feared stimuli with relaxation instead of anxiety.
fear and relaxation cannot co-exist (reciprocal inhibition).
it involves:
•the anxiety hierarchy
•relaxation
•gradual exposure

28
Q

how does systematic desensitisation work

A

•involves the client and therapist designing a list of hierarchy of frighting/ stressful events or objects.
•finally the therapist helps the client gradually work their way up the hierarchy while maintaining deep relaxation.
•at each stage, if the client becomes upset they can return to an earlier stage and regain their relaxed state.

29
Q

flooding

A

• flooding involves immediate exposure to a very frightening situation to prevent avoidance, learning that the stimuli is not harmful.
•flooding sessions are typically longer than SD with one session usually lasting 2-3 hours, however sometimes only one long session is needed to cure a patient.
• some patients even get so exhausted they reach relaxation

30
Q

how does flooding work

A

•flooding stops phobic responses very quickly as prevents avoidance behaviour, so the patient quickly learns that the phobic stimules is harmless. In classical conditioning terms this process is called extinction
• A learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimuli is encountered without the learnt response of fear as the association with the UCS has been broken.
•In some cases the patient may achieve
relaxation simply because they become exhausted by their fear responte due to the immediate exposure.

31
Q

cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

the cognitive approach links psychological disorders such as depression to dysfunctional thinking or irrational thinking

32
Q

Beck (1967)

A

states that depression is caused by faulty information processing
- overgeneralisation
-absolutist thinking

33
Q

becks negative triad

A

people have 3 negative schemas the world, future and self.
world - creates impression there’s no hope anywhere.
future - further hopelessness and wormed depression.
self - enhances depressive feeling, confirm low self esteem.

34
Q

Ellis (1962) cause of depression

A

states that depression is caused by irrational thinking

35
Q

ellis ABC model

A

Activating event = the adversity or event to which there is a reaction
Beliefs = the belief or explanation about why the situation occurred
Consequences = the feelings and behaviour the belief now causes. in essence the external event is “blamed” for the unhappiness being experienced.

36
Q

Mustabatary thinking

A

thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true in order for an individual to be happy.

37
Q

what do both cognitive treatments have in common

A

all CBT starts with an initial assessment, in which the patient and therapist identify the patients problems.

38
Q

identify and replace irrational thoughts

A

changing the irrational beliefs then had a positive impact upon the behaviour or consequence. In this cause the depressive symptoms are reduced.

39
Q

client and therapist

A

patient is seen as an expert, the patient and therapist agree on a set of goals and plan of action to achieve these goals.

40
Q

homework

A

challenging negative thoughts if often done outside the sessions as homework

41
Q

Beck (1967) negative triad - challenging negative thoughts

A

•the therapist will help the patient to identify negative thoughts in relation to Becks negative triad.
•the patient and therapist will work together to challenge these irrational thoughts by discussing evidence for and against them.

42
Q

Beck (1967) - client as scientist

A

the patient will be encouraged to test the validity of their negative thoughts and may be set homework, to challenge and test their negative thoughts

43
Q

Ellis (1962) - ABCDE treatment

A

•dispute - the therapist asks the client to challenge their irrational thoughts and beliefs.
•effective response - the therapist asks the client to think of more rational responses.

44
Q

Ellis (1962) - challenging irrational thoughts

A

effective disputing changes self-defeating beliefs into more rational beliefs. catastrophising —>more rational interpretations

45
Q

Nestadt et al (2000) genetic explanation of OCD

A

first degree relatives of OCD sufferers had a higher chance of developing the disorder
12% first degree with OCD
3% control group

46
Q

terms associated with the genetic explanation

A

•OCD is likely to be polygenic
•230 candidate genes
•aetiologically heterogeneous

47
Q

COMT gene

A

a mutation of the COMT gene causes low levels of the COMT enzyme. this enzyme breaks down dopamine, so low levels of the enzyme means high levels of dopamine. this causes compulsions in OCD

48
Q

SERT gene

A

creates a protein which removes serotonin and recycled it. when a mutation of this gene creates too much of the protein, serotonin levels go down

49
Q

diathesis stress model - interactionist approach

A

certain genes leave some people more likely to suffer a mental disorder but it is not certain as some environmental stress if necessary to trigger the condition.

50
Q

biological neural explanations use what approach

A

abnormal levels of neurotransmitters

51
Q

serotonin

A

•is important for the regulation of mood and has an overall calming effect on the brain.
•low levels of serotonin means that the brain does not communicate information about mood effectively.

52
Q

dopamine

A

•is a neurotransmitter which is important for maintaining interest and motivation.
•high levels of dopamine should therefore help to maintain a compulsive though or behaviour, therefore leading to a symptom of OCD.

53
Q

the worry circuit

A
  1. orbital frontal cortex sends worry signal to thalamus.
  2. on the way the caudate nucleus is supposed to suppress unimportant signals.
  3. therefore if the caudate nucleus is damaged the thalamus is alerted too often, resulting in more worry and causing compulsive/obsessive behaviour.
54
Q

what does SSRI stand for

A

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

55
Q

choy & schneier (2000) - first line treatment

A

SSRIs are first line of treatment as they are the preferred drug for treating anxiety disorders such as OCD.

56
Q

what levels of serotonin are linked with OCD

A

low levels of serotonin

57
Q

how do SSRIs work

A

•SSRIs increase levels of serotonin in the brain. people with OCD reabsorb too much serotonin and therefore have low amounts and are anxious.
•SSRIs block the reabsorption site and prevent the serotonin being recycled. the levels of serotonin in the synapse will increase, thus improving symptoms of anxiety.

58
Q

what does SNRI stand for

A

serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors

59
Q

how do SNRIs work

A

block the transporter mechanism that re-absorbs both serotonin and noradrenaline. when levels are low a person is unable to focus their attention which may result in anxiety/ compulsions

60
Q

role of noradrenaline in OCD

A

low noradrenaline does not cause OCD, preventing re-uptake of this neurotransmitter (increasing it) has been associated with relief symptoms and anxiety

61
Q

why are SNRIs second line treatment

A

greater side effects so only used when SSRIs are not effective

62
Q

benzodiazepines

A

commonly used to reduce anxiety. they are manufactured under various trade names, most common valium it diazepam.

63
Q

which neurotransmitters do benzodiazepines work on

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters - calms and reduces the activity of neurones.

psychology (11 decks)

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