Psychopathology Flashcards
state the 4 definitions of abnormality
- statistical infrequency
- failure to function adequately
- deviation from social norms
- deviation from ideal mental health
what is statistical infrequency ?
when an individual has a less common characteristic
what is deviation from social norms ?
behaviour that is different from the standards of behaviour that are usually seen inn society
specific to culture
what is failure to function adequately?
when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of everyday living
Rosen and Seligman - signs that can be used to determine who is not coping
- cant maintain basic nutrition / hygiene
- extreme distress
- irrational and dangerous behaviours
what is deviation from ideal mental health?
when someone does not meet the criteria for good mental health symptoms of good mental health - jehoda - rational thoughts - able to cope with stress - realistic view of world
emotional characteristics of depression
- low self esteem
- low mood
- anger
behavioural characteristics of depression
- reduced activity
- reduced energy
- tiredness
- abnormal and irregular sleeping / eating behaviours
cognitive characteristics of depression
- dwelling on negative
- absolutist thinking
- poor concentration
behavioural characteristics of phobia
- panic
- avoidance
- endurance
cognitive characteristics of phobias
- irrational beliefs
- emotional response is unreasonable
Emotikn characteristics of phobias
- fear
- anxiety
OCD behavioural characteristics
- compulsions
- avoidance
Emotional characteristics of OCD
- Distress
- disgust
- depression
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
- obsessive thoughts
- cognitive dealing strategies
What does Ellis ABC model for depression stand for
A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences
What forms becks negative triad
- negative view of self world and future
- causes development of negative schemas
What does CBT treat
Depression
How does CBT work
- aims to deal with thinking
- begins with assessment where patient abs therapist out together a plan of what they want to achieve
- central task = focus on irrational thoughts by challenging dysfunctional thoughts
How does CBT using becks therapy work
- identifies thoughts about world self and future
- challenge negative triad and find positive aspects of life
How does CBT using Ellis model work
- patients might talk about how unfair things are
- therapist identified irrational beliefs
- use logical arguments do challenge negative thoughts
What is the behaviourist way of explaining Phobias
- Acquisition through classical conditioning
US = UR
NS= no response
US + NS = UR
CS = CR
2.Maintenance through operant conditioning
- when ppl avoid stimulus they avoid negative consequences
- makes them feel better so phobias is maintained
- that is negative reinforcement
Explain treating phobias through systematic desensitisation
- Anxiety hierarchy
- Relaxation
- Exposure to least fearful stimulus
Explain flooding
- when patient is exposed to most extreme stimulus of their phobias
- patient cannot avoid and their body can only maintain a highly anxious state for 20 mins before energy runs out
- eventually they see that stimulus does not pose any actual threat
What approach is used for OCD
Biological
What are candidate genes
- genes which are passed through to generations that create vulnerability to OCD
- some involve regulating serotonin
What does polygenic mean in OCD
- where many genes are involved in the development of OCD
- around 230 genes that have evidence
What are neural explanations for OCD
Serotonin
- regulates mood
- low serotonin means normal transmission of mood doesn’t happen
Decision making systems
- abnormal frontal lives is a cause of OCD as it it responsible for decision making
- left parahippocampal gyrus Deals with unpleasant emotions HCL damages may cause OCD
How can drug therapy treat OCD
- using drugs to increase or decrease neurotransmitters level
- helps balance level abs therefore reduces the effects of OCD
What do SSRI drugs do
- antidepressant
- increase levels of serotonin but do not contain serotonin
- increase the synapse function so more neurotransmitters pass through abs therefore function is increased
What are SNRI drugs
- second line of defence attach
- increase serotonin along with other neurotransmitters when SSRI drugs don’t work
What are tricyclics drugs do
- have same affect or SSRI but have more extreme side effects so are less wanted unless absolutely necessary
