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PSYCHOLOGY > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

state the 4 definitions of abnormality

A
  1. statistical infrequency
  2. failure to function adequately
  3. deviation from social norms
  4. deviation from ideal mental health
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2
Q

what is statistical infrequency ?

A

when an individual has a less common characteristic

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3
Q

what is deviation from social norms ?

A

behaviour that is different from the standards of behaviour that are usually seen inn society
specific to culture

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4
Q

what is failure to function adequately?

A

when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of everyday living
Rosen and Seligman - signs that can be used to determine who is not coping
- cant maintain basic nutrition / hygiene
- extreme distress
- irrational and dangerous behaviours

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5
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health?

A 
when someone does not meet the criteria 
for good mental health 
symptoms of good mental health - jehoda 
- rational thoughts 
- able to cope with stress 
- realistic view of world
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6
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A
  • low self esteem
  • low mood
  • anger
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7
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A
  • reduced activity
  • reduced energy
  • tiredness
  • abnormal and irregular sleeping / eating behaviours
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8
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  • dwelling on negative
  • absolutist thinking
  • poor concentration
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9
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobia

A
  • panic
  • avoidance
  • endurance
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10
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • irrational beliefs

- emotional response is unreasonable

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11
Q

Emotikn characteristics of phobias

A
  • fear

- anxiety

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12
Q

OCD behavioural characteristics

A
  • compulsions

- avoidance

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13
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A
  • Distress
  • disgust
  • depression
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14
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A
  • obsessive thoughts

- cognitive dealing strategies

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15
Q

What does Ellis ABC model for depression stand for

A

A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences

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16
Q

What forms becks negative triad

A
  • negative view of self world and future

- causes development of negative schemas

17
Q

What does CBT treat

A

Depression

18
Q

How does CBT work

A
  • aims to deal with thinking
  • begins with assessment where patient abs therapist out together a plan of what they want to achieve
  • central task = focus on irrational thoughts by challenging dysfunctional thoughts
19
Q

How does CBT using becks therapy work

A
  • identifies thoughts about world self and future

- challenge negative triad and find positive aspects of life

20
Q

How does CBT using Ellis model work

A
  • patients might talk about how unfair things are
  • therapist identified irrational beliefs
  • use logical arguments do challenge negative thoughts
21
Q

What is the behaviourist way of explaining Phobias

A
  1. Acquisition through classical conditioning
    US = UR
    NS= no response
    US + NS = UR
    CS = CR
    2.Maintenance through operant conditioning
    - when ppl avoid stimulus they avoid negative consequences
    - makes them feel better so phobias is maintained
    - that is negative reinforcement
22
Q

Explain treating phobias through systematic desensitisation

A
  1. Anxiety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation
  3. Exposure to least fearful stimulus
23
Q

Explain flooding

A
  • when patient is exposed to most extreme stimulus of their phobias
  • patient cannot avoid and their body can only maintain a highly anxious state for 20 mins before energy runs out
  • eventually they see that stimulus does not pose any actual threat
24
Q

What approach is used for OCD

A

Biological

25
Q

What are candidate genes

A
  • genes which are passed through to generations that create vulnerability to OCD
  • some involve regulating serotonin
26
Q

What does polygenic mean in OCD

A
  • where many genes are involved in the development of OCD

- around 230 genes that have evidence

27
Q

What are neural explanations for OCD

A

Serotonin

  • regulates mood
  • low serotonin means normal transmission of mood doesn’t happen

Decision making systems

  • abnormal frontal lives is a cause of OCD as it it responsible for decision making
  • left parahippocampal gyrus Deals with unpleasant emotions HCL damages may cause OCD
28
Q

How can drug therapy treat OCD

A
  • using drugs to increase or decrease neurotransmitters level
  • helps balance level abs therefore reduces the effects of OCD
29
Q

What do SSRI drugs do

A
  • antidepressant
  • increase levels of serotonin but do not contain serotonin
  • increase the synapse function so more neurotransmitters pass through abs therefore function is increased
30
Q

What are SNRI drugs

A
  • second line of defence attach

- increase serotonin along with other neurotransmitters when SSRI drugs don’t work

31
Q

What are tricyclics drugs do

A
  • have same affect or SSRI but have more extreme side effects so are less wanted unless absolutely necessary

PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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