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PSYCHOLOGY > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gender bias?

A

The differential treatment or representation of men and women based on stereotypes rather than real differences

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2
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

Male-centred: when ‘normal’ behaviour is judged according to a male standard

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3
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

A tendency to exaggerate differences between men and women= theories devalue one gender in comparison to the other.

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4
Q

What is beta bias?

A

A tendency to ignore or minimise differences between men and women

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5
Q

What is universality?

A

Aim to develop theories that apply to all people, despite differences of experience and upbringing

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6
Q

State three pieces of research which display alpha bias

A
  1. Freud’s research on moral development
  2. Bowlby’s monotropic theory
  3. Diagnoses of mental disorders
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7
Q

State three pieces of research which display beta bias

A
  1. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
  2. The fight or flight response
  3. Asch and Milgram’s research on social influences
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8
Q

what is cultural bias?

A

A tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of one’s own culture- this distorts your judgement.

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9
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture- refers to the belief of superiority of one’s own culture.

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10
Q

what is an etic approach?

A

Looks at behaviours from outside of a given culture and attempts to describe those behaviours that are universal

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11
Q

what is an emic approach

A

Looks at behaviours within certain cultures and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture.

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12
Q

what is cultural relativism?

A

The view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates

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13
Q

State a piece of psychological research which suffers from ethnocentrism

A

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

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14
Q

what is free will?

A

The notion that humans have the power to make choices about their behaviour

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15
Q

what is determinism?

A

The notion that behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors acting upon the individual

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16
Q

what is hard determinism?

A

The view that all behaviour can be predicted and there is no free will

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17
Q

what is soft determinism ?

A

The view that human behaviour has causes but it can also be determined by our conscious choices

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18
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control

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19
Q

What is environmental determinism

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment that we cannot control

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20
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

The belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control

21
Q

What is meant by the nature-nurture debate?

A

Concerned with the extent to which behaviour is a product of innate (NATIVISM) or environmental influences (EMPIRICISM)

22
Q

What is meant by heredity?

A

The process by which traits are passed from parents to their offspring

23
Q

What are the philosophical origins of nurture?

A

John Locke’s empiricism

24
Q

What are the philosophical origins of nature

A

Renee Descartes’ nativism

25
Q

State 2 research examples which support the nurture side of the debate

A
  1. Use of Systematic desensitisation to treat phobias
  2. Attachment caused by classical or operant conditioning
26
Q

State 2 research examples which support the nature side of the debate

A
  1. Candidate genes (COMT and SERT) in the development of OCD
  2. Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment
27
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

The view that the processes of nature and nurture work together rather than in opposition

28
Q

State 2 research examples for an interactionist approach for the nature-nurture debate

A
  1. Epigenetics
  2. Diathesis-stress model for psychopathology
29
Q

what is holism?

A

The belief that behaviour is better understood by looking at it as an indivisible system rather than its constituent parts.

30
Q

What is reductionism?.

A

The belief that behaviour is better understood by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts.

31
Q

What is biological reductionism?

A

A form of reductionism which reduces behaviour to a biological level (action of genes, hormones etc.)

32
Q

What is environmental reductionism?

A

A form of reductionism which reduces behaviour to simple stimulus-response links that have been learned through experience.

33
Q

What is experimental reductionism?

A

What is experimental reductionism? A form of reductionism where a complex behaviour is reduced to a single (isolated) variable for the purpose of testing.

34
Q

What is parsimony?

A

The idea that complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest terms possible.

35
Q

What is meant by levels of explanation?

A

Explanations for behaviour can vary from a lower basic level to a higher, more holistic level

36
Q

State an example which shows biological reductionism and environmental reductionism

A
  1. Biological= Explaining mental disorders (OCD and Schizophrenia) in terms of candidate genes and neurotransmitters
  2. Environmental= Classical/operant conditioning
37
Q

State 2 examples which shows holism

A

Gestalt psychology and Humanism

38
Q

What is an idiographic approach?

A

An approach to research which focuses on the individual case and emphasises on uniqueness in order to understand human behaviour

39
Q

What is a nomothetic approach?

A

An approach to research which seeks to formulate general laws of human behaviour based on the study of groups.

40
Q

Which type of data does an idiographic approach focus on?

A

Qualitative data

41
Q

Which type of data does a nomothetic approach focus on?

A

Quantitative data

42
Q

Which approaches take a nomothetic

A

Behaviourism, cognitive, biological

43
Q

Which approaches take an idiographic

approach?

A

Psychodynamic and humanism

44
Q

What is socially sensitive research?

A

Any research that might have direct social consequences for
the participants in the research or the group that they
represent.

45
Q

What is meant by the ethical implications of
psychological research?

A

It concerns the way that research impacts on those who take
part, on the way the findings are communicated to the public
and how the findings are used.

46
Q

What are the three concerns that researchers
should be mindful of when conducting socially
sensitive research?

A
  1. Implications- the wider effects of research
  2. Uses/public policy- what will this research be used
    for? And what will happen if it is used in the wrong
    way?
  3. The validity of the research- are the findings correct?
47
Q

Explain a psychological theory which could be
socially sensitive

A

Bowlby’s theory of attachment- emphasised role of mother in
development of child leading to encouragement of view that
women should stay at home

48
Q

State a research study which has had ethical
implications

A

Milgram’s study of obedience/Zimbardo’s Stanford prison
experiment

PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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