Attachment Flashcards
summaries the research done about reciprocity
Feldman found that mothers respond to infants and after 3 months the reciprocity is frequent and a bond develops.
what is reciprocity?
- the way two people interact
- mother responds to infants signals and elicits a response
name a study that tests reciprocity?
FELDMAN
what is interactional synchronisation
- when a mother and infant reflect their actions in a coordinated manner
what are two researchers done about interactional synchrony
- meltzoff and moore
- isabella
summarise isabellas study
- she observed 30 mothers and infants
- assessed degree of synchrony
- found that high level of synchrony is equal to high levels of attachment
summarise metzoff and moore study
- experiment where adults display 3 facial expressions
- recorded reaction of the baby
- they found an association between the expression of the adult and the response of the baby
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name a study that shows the role of the father as being not important
Grossman
summarise the study that shows the role of father as not important
- longitudinal study
- looking at both parents behaviour and its quality to the childs attachment in their teens
- found that father is less important for attacment than the mother.
- the quality of fathers play correlates to quality of attachment ability in teen years
- suggests that fathers have a different role , one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing
what is a study that shows the role of the father as important
field
what did field do and find?
- filmed 4 month old babies in face t face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver mother, and primary caregiver father.
- primary caregivers fathers spent more time interacting with baby
- fathers have the potential to be more nurturing attachment figure
what procedure did schaffer and emerson do ?
- 60 babies (roughly have boys and half girls)
- visited every month for a year then again at 18 months
- mothers were asked questions about observed stranger anxiety
what did schaffer and emerson find?
- 50% of babies showed anxiety towards strangers after 32 weeks
- after 40 weeks, 80% had a primary attachment figure and 30% had more than 1 attachment
the first stage of attachment
- ASOCIAL STAGE
- 0-6 weeks
- behaviour to both humans and objects is similar
second stage of attachment
INDISCRIMINATE STAGE
- 6 weeks - 7 months
- baby prefers humans to objects
- can tell apart familiar from unfamiliar people
- no separation/stranger anxiety
the third stage of attachment
SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT STAGE
- 7-12 months
- display stranger anxiety and stranger anxiety
- very strong attachment to primary caregiver
the fourth attachment stage
MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT STAGE
- 12 months onwards
- by 1 year the majority had many attachments
describe lorenz procedure
- randomly divide a glutch of geese eggs into 2 different groups
- half of the eggs hatch naturally - seeing mother as the first moving object
- other half hatch in incubator- seeing lorenz as their first moving object
- mixed together
what did lorenz find?
- group raised in incubator followed lorenz
- group hatched naturally followed mother
- mixed together - split themselves up
- birds imprint on first moving object they see
- critical period for birds is just a few hours
what did harlow do ?
- baby monkeys separated from mothers from birth
- put in a cage with two fake mother a wire milk mother that provided food and a wire mother covered in soft material that provided comfort
- scared monkeys
- put them in unfamiliar room
- measure to see which mother they preferred
what did Harlow find
- monkeys spent up to 22h a day on comfort mother
- the milk didnt matter, attachment is based on comfort over food
- when scared, monkeys went to comfort mother
- in unfamiliar room, monkeys only explored if comfort mother was present