Attachment Flashcards
summaries the research done about reciprocity
Feldman found that mothers respond to infants and after 3 months the reciprocity is frequent and a bond develops.
what is reciprocity?
- the way two people interact
- mother responds to infants signals and elicits a response
name a study that tests reciprocity?
FELDMAN
what is interactional synchronisation
- when a mother and infant reflect their actions in a coordinated manner
what are two researchers done about interactional synchrony
- meltzoff and moore
- isabella
summarise isabellas study
- she observed 30 mothers and infants
- assessed degree of synchrony
- found that high level of synchrony is equal to high levels of attachment
summarise metzoff and moore study
- experiment where adults display 3 facial expressions
- recorded reaction of the baby
- they found an association between the expression of the adult and the response of the baby
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name a study that shows the role of the father as being not important
Grossman
summarise the study that shows the role of father as not important
- longitudinal study
- looking at both parents behaviour and its quality to the childs attachment in their teens
- found that father is less important for attacment than the mother.
- the quality of fathers play correlates to quality of attachment ability in teen years
- suggests that fathers have a different role , one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing
what is a study that shows the role of the father as important
field
what did field do and find?
- filmed 4 month old babies in face t face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver mother, and primary caregiver father.
- primary caregivers fathers spent more time interacting with baby
- fathers have the potential to be more nurturing attachment figure
what procedure did schaffer and emerson do ?
- 60 babies (roughly have boys and half girls)
- visited every month for a year then again at 18 months
- mothers were asked questions about observed stranger anxiety
what did schaffer and emerson find?
- 50% of babies showed anxiety towards strangers after 32 weeks
- after 40 weeks, 80% had a primary attachment figure and 30% had more than 1 attachment
the first stage of attachment
- ASOCIAL STAGE
- 0-6 weeks
- behaviour to both humans and objects is similar
second stage of attachment
INDISCRIMINATE STAGE
- 6 weeks - 7 months
- baby prefers humans to objects
- can tell apart familiar from unfamiliar people
- no separation/stranger anxiety
the third stage of attachment
SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT STAGE
- 7-12 months
- display stranger anxiety and stranger anxiety
- very strong attachment to primary caregiver
the fourth attachment stage
MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT STAGE
- 12 months onwards
- by 1 year the majority had many attachments
describe lorenz procedure
- randomly divide a glutch of geese eggs into 2 different groups
- half of the eggs hatch naturally - seeing mother as the first moving object
- other half hatch in incubator- seeing lorenz as their first moving object
- mixed together
what did lorenz find?
- group raised in incubator followed lorenz
- group hatched naturally followed mother
- mixed together - split themselves up
- birds imprint on first moving object they see
- critical period for birds is just a few hours
what did harlow do ?
- baby monkeys separated from mothers from birth
- put in a cage with two fake mother a wire milk mother that provided food and a wire mother covered in soft material that provided comfort
- scared monkeys
- put them in unfamiliar room
- measure to see which mother they preferred
what did Harlow find
- monkeys spent up to 22h a day on comfort mother
- the milk didnt matter, attachment is based on comfort over food
- when scared, monkeys went to comfort mother
- in unfamiliar room, monkeys only explored if comfort mother was present
what are some negative consequences of maternal deprivation seen from Harlows study
when older ;
- less sociable
- more aggressive
- bred less often
- bad parenting abandoned children
what is the learning theory
theory proposed by Miller and Dollard
- attachments can be learned and maintained through classical and operant conditioning.
- emphesised on the importance o fcaregiver as the provider of food.
what is the process of classical conditioning for attachments
- US(food)= UR(pleasure)
- NS = no response
- US + NS= UR.
- CS( caregiver)= CR(pleasure)
in what two ways are attachments maintained?
positive reinforcement - rewarding of behaviour you repeat recieve smt good
negative reinforcement- smt bad is taken away eg crying of baby to mother
what are the five key words from bowlys monotropic theory
- evolutionary
- monotropic
- social releasers
- critical period
- internal working model
what does evolutionary mean in the monotropic theory?
- attachment is innate
- guves survival advantages
what does monotropy mean in the monotropic theory?
there is one strong attachment which is more important than other attachments to the child’s development
what are social releasers in the monotropic theory
- characteristics of a baby that elicits caregiving characteristics from adults
what is the internal working model
- mental template which determines expectations and reactions
- formed from the first attachment
what was the procedure for the strange situation?( not the steps)
- controlled observation of infants aged 9-18 months
- infants i small room with toys
- measured proximity seeking, exploration, separation anxiety and joy in reunion
What was the procedure for the strange situation ?
- Caregiver and infant play, secure base
- Caregiver sits and infant plays
- Stranger enters
- Caregiver leaves
- Caregiver returns and Stranger leaves
- Caregiver leaves
- Stranger returns
- Caregiver returns and offers comfort
What we’re the findings of the strange situation
- Insecure avoidant (A) - 22%
- Secure attachment (B) - 66%
- Insecure resistant (C) - 12%
Explain characteristics of Insecure avoidant (A)
- infant exploited freely and doesn’t return to caregiver or react when they leave
- no distress with the stranger
Explain characteristics of secure attachment (B)
- infant returns to the caregiver and explores happily
- moderate stress when caregiver leaves and distress when stranger enters
- separation anxiety (cry) but easily comforted
- joy in reunion
Explain characteristics of insecure resistant (C)
- infants stay close to caregiver and don’t explore at all
- extreme separation and stranger anxiety
- in reunion : infant rejects mother but seeks comfort
What is the procedure of van idendoorn and kroonberg study
- meta analysis of 32 studies with 1990 infants from the strange situation
- in 8 countries
• Germany
• Israel
• UK
• USA
• Japan
• China
• Netherlands
• Sweden - analysed similarities and differences in attachment types between countries
What we’re the finding of Van idendoorn and kroonberg study
- secure attachment was always the most common : 75% in Britain and 50% in China
- I secure avoidant was second most common In every country except Japan and Israel
- insecure resistant ranged from 3% in Britain to 30% in Israel
What is maternal deprivation
The emotional and intellectual consequences of prolonged separation between mother and child during the critical period
What types of effects does maternal deprivation have
- physical
- emotional
- intellectual
What are intellectual effects of maternal deprivation + evidence
- if you are deprived for too long, you have intellect delay, which lowers IQ
- Goldfarb found lower IQ in children in institution compared to fostered children
What are emotional effects of maternal deprivation
- affection less psychopathy : the inability to experience guilt or other strong emotions
- prevents development of a normal relationship
What is the procedure of the 44 thieves study
- 44 criminal teenagers interviews for signs of affection less psychopathy and their families were interviews to see if they were deprived of care
- there was a control group of people who were deprived and disturbed but not criminals
What we’re the finding of the 44 thieves study
- 14/44 were affection less psychopaths and 12/14 is those who experienced prolonged separation before they were 2
- in the control group ( not thieves ) only 2/30 remaining experienced separation and were not affection less psychopaths
What is institutionalisation
Growing up in an institution eg orphanages were little care was provided
What was the aim of the Romanian orphanage
Aims to investigate if good care being provided by British caregiver can make up for early life experiences
What was the method for the Romanian orphanage study
- sample of 165 Romanian who were adopted by British families
- they were physically, cognitively, and socially tested at ages 4,6,11,15
- compared to 52 British born and adopted around the same time
What we’re the finding of the Romanian or phage study
- when the orphans first arrived, half showed signs of mental retardation and majority were severely malnourished Mean IQ : - adopted before 6 months = 102 - adopted from 6 months - 2 years = 86 - adopted after 2 years = 77
- at the age of 4 almost all Romanian orphanages adopted before 6 months had caught up with British counterparts
What are the effects of institutionalisation
- disinhibited attachment
- physical underdevelopment
- intellectual under functioning
- poor parenting
What is disinhibited attachment
An effect of institutionalisation
- when infants show friendly and affectionate to caregiver and stranger
- infant not able to attach to only one person
- attention seeking, clingy, directs social behaviour to allll adults
What is the experiment done to test the influence of attachment on adult relationships
Hazen and shaver
Summarise Hazen and Shaver study
- the love quiz
- tests influence if attachment on adult relationships
- in newspaper
- tests to see the type of attachment adults have on the past relationships and their relationships now
What is the name of the researchers who tested the influence of attachment on later childhood
Wilson and smith
Summarise Wilson and smiths study
- tests influence of attachment on later childhood
- assessed attachment types and bullying using 195 children questionnaires aged 7-11
- secure children and not involved
- insecure avoidant and victims
- insecure resistant and bullies
