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PSYCHOLOGY > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is coding

A
  • the process of converting information between different forms
  • different memories are stored in different formats
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2
Q

what was the method for Baddeley’s experiment

A
  • gave different groups different lists to remember
    group 1- acoustically similar ( words that sound similar eg cat, cab, can)
    group 2- acoustically dissimilar (words that sound different eg few, cow, pit)
    group 3- semantically similar ( words with similar meaning eg great large big)
    group 4- semantically dissimilar ( words with different meanings eg good, huge, hot)
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3
Q

what were the results for Baddeleys experiment

A

findings : when recall immediately - worse at recalling acoustically similar
when recalled after 20 minutes- worse at recalling semantically similar

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4
Q

what was Baddeley’s research on

A

coding

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5
Q

what was jacobs study on

A

capacity

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6
Q

what was Millers hypothesis

A 
- he notes that things come in sevens 
eg * seven notes on musical scale
* seven days of the week 
* seven deadly sins
- span of the short term memory is 7 items, plus or minus two
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7
Q

summarise Jacob study

A
  • researcher reads out four digits and the ptsp is asked to recall the back in the correct order
  • if this is correct, the researcher reads out five digits and so on until the participant cannot recall the order correctly
  • Jacob found that the mean span for digits across all ptsps was 9.3 items
  • the mean span for letters was 7.3
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8
Q

what is chunking

A

grouping sets of digits or letters into units or chunks

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9
Q

who studied the duration of the short term memory?

A

peterson + Peterson

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10
Q

what did Peterson do

A
  • he tested 24 undergrads in 8 trials
  • gave them consonant eg YCG
  • the student counted back from 100 until told to stop
  • on each trial they were told to stop after varying periods of time
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11
Q

what did peterson find

A

after 3 seconds, the average recall was about 80%
after 18 seconds the average recall was 3%
suggest that the short term memory may be about 18 seconds unless rehearsed

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12
Q

who studied the duration of long term memory

A

Bahrick

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13
Q

Summarise Bahricks study

A
  • YEAR BOOK
    studied 392 people aged 17-74 and asked to recall rhe names from photo recognition
  • after 15 years 90% could recall name and after 48 years 70% could recall names
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14
Q

what does the multistore model represent

A

a representation of how memory works in terms of three stores called sensory register, short term memory and long-term memory. it also represents how information is transferred from one store to another.

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15
Q

what is the duration of the sensory register

A

less than half a second

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16
Q

what is the capacity of the sensory register

A

very high

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17
Q

how is the sensory register coded

A

visually and acoustically

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18
Q

how is the short term memory coded

A

acoustically

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19
Q

what is the capacity of the short term memory

A

5-9 items

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20
Q

what is the duration of the short term memory

A

18 seconds

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21
Q

how is the long term memory coded

A

semantically

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22
Q

what is the capacity of the long term memory

A

unlimited

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23
Q

what is the duration of the long term memory

A

timeless

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24
Q

how do you go from the short term memory to the long term memory

A

prolonged rehearsal

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25
Q

how do you go from the long term memory to the short term memory

A

retrieval

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26
Q

what did Tulving realise

A

the multi store model views on long term memory was too simplistic
he proposed that there are three long term memory stores

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27
Q

name the three types of long term memory

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic memory
  • procedural
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28
Q

what is episodic memory

A

the long term memory store responsible for personal events
eg people, objects, places
retrieved with effort

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29
Q

what is semantic memory

A

long term memory store of worldly knowledge (factual information)
recalled deliberately / effort to recall

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30
Q

what is the procedural memory

A

long term memory store for how we do things

31
Q

what are somem features of episodic memory

A
  • time stamped

- conscious to recall

32
Q

what are some features of semantic memory

A
  • not time stamped
  • less personal
  • contains immense collection of material which is constantly been added to
33
Q

what are some features of procedural memory

A
  • recall with no effort
  • not time stamped
  • no effort to remember how to do something
34
Q

which two researchers made the working model

A

Baddeley and Hitch

35
Q

what is the working memory model

A

a representation of the short term memory
suggests that the short term memory is a dynamic processor of different types of information using sub units coordinated by a central decision making system

36
Q

what is the four main components of the working memory model

A
  1. central executive
  2. phonological loop
  3. visuo- spatial sketchpad
  4. episodic buffer
37
Q

What is the role of the central executive ?

A

Component of the working model that coordinates activities
Allocates processing resources to those activities
Alternative processes makes decisions

38
Q

What does the phonological loop do

A
  • processes information in terms of sound, written and spoken
39
Q

What is the phonological loop divide in

A 
- phonological store 
Stores what you hear 
- articulating process 
Allows maintenance reversal 
Capacity is two second of what you say
40
Q

What does the Visuo-spatial sketch pad do

A
  • Processes visual and spatial information in a mental space called the inner eye
  • Visual cache: stores visual data
  • inner scribe : records the arrangement of objects in visual field
41
Q

What is the episodic buffer

A
  • brings together information from other sub systems into one memory
  • acts as a bridge between short term memory and long term memory
  • added in 2000 by Baddeley
  • maintain a sense of time
  • for visual, spatial and verbal information
42
Q

What are the two reasons for forgetting

A
  • interference theory

- retrieval failure

43
Q

What is forgetting in terms of interference

A

When one memory blocks another causing both or one memories to be distorted or forgotten

44
Q

What are the two types of interference

A
  1. Proactive interference : old memory interferes with a new memory
  2. Retroactive interference : new memory interferes with an old memory
45
Q

What was Mecgeoh and McDonald’s theory

A

Interference is more common if the information is similar

46
Q

What was Mcgeoh and McDonald’s procedure

A
  • ptsp learns 1 set of words with 100% accuracy and then another set and they have to recall the first
  • 2nd list could either be : synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, consonant syllable, 3 digit number, no new list
47
Q

What did Mcgeoh and McDonald’s find

A
  • most similar 2nd and 1st = worse re all
  • synonyms = 1.2 items recalled
  • number = 3.5 items recalled
48
Q

What is retrieval failure

A
  • forgetting what happened due to insufficient cues
49
Q

What are the two types of cues

A
  1. context cue (environment)

2. State cues (how you feel)

50
Q

Describe Godden and Baddeley procedure

A
  • divers learn a list of words in different condition and recall in different condition
  • 4 conditions
    1. Learn and recall on land
    2. Learn on land recall in water
    3. Learn and recall in water
    4. Learn in water recall on land
51
Q

What we’re the findings of Godden and Baddeley

A

Accurate recall was 40% higher in the matching group

52
Q

What did Godden and Baddeley study

A

Context dependent research

53
Q

What did Carter and Cassady research

A

State dependent research

54
Q

What was Carter and Cassadys procedure

A
  • gave antihistamine to ptsp, which will have a drowsy effect
  • 4 conditions
    1. Learn and recall on on drugs
    2. Learn on drugs recall not on drugs
    3. Learn and recall not on drugs
    4. Learn not on drugs recall on drugs
55
Q

What was the finding of CARTER and CASSADYS study

A

Performance was worse with un matched pairs

56
Q

What factors effect eye witness testimony

A
  1. Leading questions
  2. Post event discussion
  3. Anxiety
57
Q

Who tested the effect of leading questions on eye witness testimony (2)

A

Lofted and Palmer

58
Q

Who tested the effect of post event discussion on eye witness testimony (1)

A

Gabbert

59
Q

Who tested how anxiety can make recall worse (2)

A

Johnson and scott

60
Q

Who tested how anxiety can make recall better (2)

A

Yuille and Cutshall

61
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer don

A
  • Arranged 5 groups of students to watch the same clip of a car crash
  • they asked how fast they thought the car was going, each time using a different verb : smashed, collided, hit, bumped, contacted
62
Q

What we’re the finding of Loftus and Palmers study

A

31.8 mph for contacted
40.5 mph for smashed
Asked if glass was seen or not :
When contacted by as used they did not see glass
When smashed was used they did see glass

63
Q

What was Gabberts procedure

A
  • Got ptsps to watch a video of the same crime from different viewpoint
  • they then discussed with each other before they recalled the information
64
Q

What we’re Gabberts findings

A
  • 70% of those who had a discussion recalled wrong

- 0% if those who did not have a discussion recalled wrong

65
Q

What was Johnson and Scott’s procedure

A
  • Asked ptsps to sit in a waiting room and they heard arguing in another room
  • a man comes out the other room
  • half of ptsps saw him carry a pen and the other half saw him carry a bloody knife
  • ptsps asked to identify the man who came out of the room from 50 faces
66
Q

What was Johnson and Scott’s findings

A
  • when there was low anxiety with the pen, 49% of ptsps identified the man correctly
  • when there was high anxiety with the knife; 33% of ptsps identified the man correctly
67
Q

What is tunnel theory

A

When anxiety makes people focus on the object not the person

68
Q

What was Yuille and Cutshalls procedure

A

Interviewed 13 witnesses of a shooting in Canada 4 months after it took place
They asked then to rate their levels of stress and then measured the accuracy of what they remembered

69
Q

What we’re Yuille and Cutshalls findings

A
  • when they were more stressed 88% accuracy

- when they were less stressed 75% accuracy

70
Q

What is the final conclusion of anxiety

A

When anxiety is moderate accuracy is best

When too low or too high accuracy is not good

71
Q

What is cognitive interview

A

Interviewing eye witness to retrieve more accurate memories using different techniques

72
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive interview

A
  1. Context reinstatement : return it scene in mind and imagines environment and emotion
  2. Report everything : say every detail even if irrelevant- may trigger another question urge of information
  3. Reverse order : start w the last thing they say and work backwards
  4. Changing perspective - disrupt Effect of expectations
73
Q

Who made enhanced cognitive interview and what is to

A

Fisher
Additional elements of the cognitive interview to focus on social dynamics
Includes
Reducing anxiety, minimising distraction, open end questions and slow speaking

PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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