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A Level Psychology revision (Y1) > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Definitions of abnormality

-Statistical infrequency

A

A person’s trait, thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual (2 deviations away from the mean)

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2
Q

Definitions of abnormality

-Deviation from ideal mental health

A

Behaviour is abnormal if a person deviates too far from the expected state of ideal mental health

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3
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

-6 main characteristics

A
  • Positive attitude towards oneself
  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Autonomy
  • Resisting stress
  • Self-actualisation
  • Environmental mastery
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4
Q

Definitions of abnormality

-Deviation from social norms

A

This means we label people and behavior as abnormal if their behaviour is different from what we accept as the norms of society

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5
Q

Definitions of abnormality

-Failure to function adequately

A

Where a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life, or experience personal distress

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6
Q

Failure to function adequately

-Rosenhan and Seligman’s features of personal dysfunction

A
  • Personal distress
  • Maladaptive behaviour
  • Unpredictability
  • Irrationality
  • Observer discomfort
  • Violation of moral qualities
  • Unconventionality
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7
Q

The behavioral, emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Emotional- Immediate fear and persistent, excessive fear
Behavioral-Avoidance and disruption of everyday working and social function
Cognitive-Irrationality and recognition of exaggerated anxiety

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8
Q

The behavioral, emotional and cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Emotional-Depressed/ sad mood, feelings of worthlessness
Behavioural-Changes in appetite (weight gain/loss), insomnia, no/low energy
Cognitive-Recurrent thoughts of self harm and suicide, focusing on the negative

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9
Q

The behavioral, emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Emotional-Obsessions are persistent which can cause anxiety and depression
Behavioral-Compulsions are repetitive in nature and are used to manage and reduce anxiety
Cognitive- Repeated unwelcome thoughts, images, urges or doubts=Fear of contamination (germs), fear of safety (doors and windows being left open)
-Attentional bias=Perception tends to be focused on anxiety-generating stimuli

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10
Q

The behavioral approach to explaining and treating phobias

-Mowrer’s Two process model of phobias

A

Stage 1: Association-> classical conditioning-> acquisition of phobias
-Occurs through a traumatic event in a person’s life

Stage 2: Consequences-> operant conditioning-> maintenance of phobias
-Avoiding the feared stimulus is rewarding; this maintains the phobia

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11
Q

The behavioural approach to explaining and treating phobias

-Systematic desensitization

A
  • Using classical conditioning to replace the anxiety response (fear) with a relaxed response to overcome the phobia
  • Hierarchy of fear= A list of triggers that makes you anxious: from most to least frightening
  • Relaxation training= Relaxation techniques used in the presence of a phobia to help overcome it
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12
Q

The behavioral approach to explaining and treating phobias

-Flooding

A
  • Flooding is used to expose the sufferer to the phobic object/stimulus in a situation for a period of time in controlled manner (‘in vivo’ method)
  • Uses the idea of reciprocal inhibition where you cannot have 2 opposite emotions at the same time, so your response becomes calm and not phobic
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13
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression

-Beck’s negative triad

A
  • Beck believed that depression is caused by the emergence of negative schemas developed by the individual
  • Thought to be triggered by the parents in childhood (overly critical authority figures)
  • The triad consists of; negative views about the world, negative views’ about one’s self, negative views about the future
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14
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression

-Ellis’s ABC model

A
  • Ellis claimed depression was not the result of the activating event, but based on the beliefs (cognitions) about the event
  • A= Activation event
  • B= Beliefs (about A)
  • C=Consequence (of B not A)
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15
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression

-Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)

A
  • CBT is based on challenging irrational thoughts and correcting them
    1. Identifying negative thinking patterns in depressed patients
    2. Challenging irrational thoughts of depressed patients
    3. Skill acquisition and application
    4. Follow-up
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16
Q

The biological approach to explaining and treating OCD

-Neural explanation of OCD

A
  • Several areas of the frontal lobes of the brain are thought to be abnormal in people with OCD
  • Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, are implicated in OCD (especially when they are low in level)
17
Q

The biological approach to explaining and treating OCD

-Genetic explanation of OCD

A
  • Genetic evidence found that first-degree relatives of people with OCD have a greater vulnerability of developing the disorder
  • A gene called the ‘candidate’ genes (+ SERT) , are involved in regulating the production of neurotransmitters, serotonin , that is implicated in OCD
18
Q

The biological approach to explaining and treating OCD

-Treating OCD through drug therapy

A
  • Drug therapy is used to affect the neurotransmitters in the brain
  • When neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap, it doesn’t all attach to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron. They need to be removed to allow the synapse to return to it’s normal state
  • SSRI’s (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) are antidepressants which increase the amount of serotonin available in the brain
19
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD - Research Evidence
-Carey and Gottesman (1981)

A

-Carey and Gottesman found that identical twins showed a concordance rate of 87% for obsessive symptoms and features compared to 47% in fraternal twins. This difference suggests that genetic factors are moderately important
-The higher concordance rate found for identical twins may be due to nurture as identical twins are likely to experience a more similar environment than fraternal twins since they tend to be treated the same

20
Q

Explanation for phobias - Research Evidence
-Little Albert study

A

-Watson and Raynor presented Little Albert with a white rat and he showed no fear
-Watson then presented the rat with a loud bang that startled Little Albert and made him cry
-After the continuous association of the white rat and loud noise, Little Albert was classically conditioned to experience fear at the sight of the rat
-Albert’s fear generalized to the other stimuli that were similar to the rat, including a fur coat, some cotton wool, and a Father Christmas mask

21
Q

Explanation for depression - Research Evidence
-Koster (2005)

A

-Koster found that people with depression took longer to disengage from negative words on a screen, compared to positive words suggesting they send longer thinking about them
-This supports Beck’s idea that people with depression have an automatic style of thinking negatively

22
Q

Characteristics of phobias
-Research evidence -> DSM V 2013

A

DSM V Criteria (2013);
-Marked, persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (in children the fear or anxiety may be expressed as crying, tantrums or clinging)
-Exposure to the phobic stimulus provokes an immediate fear or anxiety responses, which may take the form of a panic attack
-The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety

23
Q

Characteristics of depression
-Research evidence -> DSM V 2013

A

-DSM IV TR 2000 criteria requires 5 out of 9 symptoms have been present during the same 2 week period - at least one of the 2 main symptoms must be shown
1.Depressed mood
2.Loss of interest

3.Inappropriate guilt
4.Loss of energy
5.Poor concentration
6.Low or high appetite with possible weight changes
7.Psychomotor agitation
8.Poor or increased need for sleep
9.Self harm/suicide

24
Q

Characteristics of OCD
-Research evidence -> DSM 5

A

The criteria consists of;
-Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both
-The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming e.g take more than 1 hour a day
-The obsessive-compulsive symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance e.g. abuse of a drug or another medical condition
-The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder

A Level Psychology revision (Y1) (16 decks)

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