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psychology alevel aqa > psychopanthology AO1 > Flashcards

psychopanthology AO1 Flashcards

paper 1 psychology

1
Q

what is deviation from social norms?

A

when a person behaves in a way that is different from what we expect eg OCD. people who have OCD will have compulsive behaviours like washing their hands multiple times not allowing them to live a normal life which doesnt fit into normal society

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2
Q

what is failure to function adequately?

A

an individuals behaviour will interfere in their functioning and so they cant meet the demands of day to day life eg Depression. someone who is depressed may not do things they used to before so interfering with their functioning leading to personal distress

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3
Q

what are signs that indicate failure to function adequately?

A
  • not conforming to interpersonal rules
  • experience personal distress
  • irrational behaviours
  • causing observer discomfort
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4
Q

what is statistical infrequency?

A

any behaviour that is different or statistically rare is abnormal eg IQ or intellectual disability disorder. average IQ is 100 anything below 70 is seen as statically rare and sp disgnosed with the disorder

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5
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

set out criteria for mental health and researcher had suggested 8 criterias for ideal mental health, anyone who doesnt meet one or more criteria is classed as abnormal eg Depression. people would have irrational self perception cant cope with stress etc

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6
Q

what are Marie Jahoda criteria for ideal mental health?

A
  • no distress
  • rational or have accurate self perception
  • can self actualise
  • can cope with stress
  • have a realistic view of the world
  • have good self esteem and lack guilt
  • independent
  • can successfully work love and enjoy leisure
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7
Q

what are behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A
  • panic (crying running away)
  • avoidance (go out their way to avoid coming into contact with stimulus)
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8
Q

what are emotional characteristics of phobias?

A
  • anxiety and fear
  • emotional responses are unreasonable
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9
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A
  • selective attention (if stimulis is seen so struggle to concentrate on anything else)
  • irrational beliefs
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10
Q

how do we acquire a phobia through classical conditioning? (two way process model learning through association)

A

UCS (getting bitten) -> UCR (fear)
NS (dog) -> no response
UCS + NS -> UCR
UCS and NS combine
CS (dog) -> CR (fear)
phobia of dogs develop

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11
Q

how do we maintain the phobia? (two way process model learning through reinforcement)

A
  • when a person moves away from phobic stimulus their anxiety decreases so negatively reinforced
  • continue to avoid phobic stimuli reinforcing stimulus
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12
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A

1) patient and therapists construct anxiety hierarchy. from least to most frightening
2) patient trained in relaxation techniques
3) the patient is then exposed to phobic stimuli whilst practicing the relaxation techniques as feelings of tension and anxiety rise when achieved with first level it moves up the hierarchy
4) successful treatment is when patient is relaxed through all hierarchy stages

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13
Q

what is flooding?

A

1) exposes patients to their phobic stimuli without gradual build up in a hierarchy
2) involves immediate exposure to very frightening situation
3)individual has their senses flooded with thoughts images and actual experiences of their phobia
4) flooding stops phobic responses very quickly
5) without being able to avoid stimuli patient learns that stimuli is harmless - called extinction

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14
Q

what are behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • reduced activity levels
  • changes to sleep (hyper or insomnia)
  • aggression and self harm
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15
Q

what are emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • lowered mood
  • lowered self esteem
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16
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • poor concentration
  • attention to and dwelling on the negative
  • absolutists thinking (black and white thinking)
17
Q

what is becks negative triad? (cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

1) faulty information processing (depressed people make fundamental errors in logic selective attention and blow snall problems out of proportion)
2) negative self schemas (self schema is a package of ideas that we have about our selves depressed people have negative self schemas)
3) negative triad: depressives have a
- negative view of self
- negative view of world
- negative view of future

18
Q

what is Ellis’ ABC model? (cognitive approach to explaining depression)

A

A - an activating event may trigger
B - an individuals belief which lead to
C - a consequence
if events are negative then the beliefs may be irrational and then the consequences can be depression

19
Q

what is cognitive behaviour therapy? (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A
  • CBT developed to challenge negative triad
    1) client will be assessed to discover severity of their condition and therapists will establish baseline to monitor improvement
    2) client will be asked to provide information about how they see themselves, the world + future
    3) therapists use process of reality testing
    4) may be asked to gather evidence against negative thoughts
    5) try to replace negative thinking with positive challenging them
20
Q

what is Ellis REBT? (cognitive approach to treating depression)

A
  • extends ABC model to an ABCDE model
    D - dispute (challenge the thoughts)
    E - effect (see a more benefical effect on thoughts and behaviour)
  • irrational beliefs challenged in a vigorous argument (break link between negative events and depression)
21
Q

what type of arguments are used in Ellis REBT?

A

empirical argument - disputing if there is actual evidence to support the negative belief
logical argument - disputing whether negative thought logically follows on from fact

22
Q

what is behavioural activation?

A

encourages patients to engage in enjoyable activation

23
Q

what are behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A
  • compulsive behaviour (repetitive and reduce anxiety)
  • avoidance (keeping away from situations that trigger behaviour)
24
Q

what are emotional characteristics of OCD?

A
  • anxiety and distress (unpleasant thoughts and compulsion of behaviour)
  • depression
  • guilt and disgust
25
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A
  • obsessive thoughts (repeated thoughts)
  • excessive thoughts
  • hyper vigilant (constant alertness)
26
Q

what are genetic explanations of OCD?

A
  • family history
  • diathesis stress (people gain vulnerability towards OCD through genes but an environmental stressor is also required)
  • OCD is polygenic (development determined through multiple genes rather then one)
  • candidate genes
27
Q

what did lewis and his researcher say about family history?

A

out of his OCD patients
- 37% had parents with OCD
- 21% have siblings with OCD
- genetic link or passing of genetic vulnerability

28
Q

what are the types candidate genes?

A

1) COMT gene - regulates neurotransmitter dopamine in brain
- this gene causes low level enzymes leading to high levels of dopamine = OCD
2) SERT gene - creates protein which removes serotonin and recycles
- if gene creates to much protein decreasing serotonin level = OCD

29
Q

what are neural explanations of OCD?

A

1) low serotonin - regulates mood low levels of serotonin can cause abnormal transmission of mood and mental processes
2) Basal Ganglia - hypersensitivity gives rise to repetitive motor behaviour seen in OCD eg repetitive washing etc
3) Left parahippocampal Gyrus - associated with processing unpleasant emotions - functions abnormally in OCD

30
Q

what are SSRIs?

A
  • works on increasing serotonin levels in the brain by preventing the reabsorption of serotonin to the presynaptic neurone
  • preventing reabsorption of serotonin SSRIs increase its level and thus continue to stimulate post synaptic neutron
31
Q

what other treatments are SSRIs combined with?

A

CBT
- reduce sufferers emotional symptoms so patient can then engage more effectively with CBT

32
Q

what are alternatives to SSRIs?

A
  • tricyclics - same effect as SSRIs but more side effects
  • SNRIs - increase serotonin and noradrenaline
  • if SSRIs are not effective after 3-4 months doses can be increased
  • patients respond differently to different drugs

psychology alevel aqa (5 decks)

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