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psychology alevel aqa > attachment AO1 > Flashcards

attachment AO1 Flashcards

paper 1 psychology

1
Q

what is attachment?

A

two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees the other as an essential for emotional security

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2
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

when both baby and caregiver respond to eachothers signals

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3
Q

what are alert phases in reciprocity?

A

babies signal theyre ready for an interaction

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4
Q

what does research show about alert phases?

A

mothers pick up and respond to babies alertness 2/3 of the time varying based off external factors

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5
Q

when does reciprocity become frequent?

A

after three months

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6
Q

what is active involvment in reciprocity?

A

both parties initate interactions and take turns

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7
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A

caregiver and baby reflect both the actions of the other and do this in a co ordinated way (mirror each other)

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8
Q

how is interactional synchrony important for development of caregiver infant attachment?

A
  • isabella et al observed 30 mothers and babies
  • mothers and babies attachment assessed
  • mothers and babies with high levels of synchrony showed better quality attachment
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9
Q

what was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson?

A

investigate formation of early attachment, age it developed and the intensity of it

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10
Q

what was the method of Scahffer and Emerson study?

A
  • 60 working class glasgow babies
  • babies and mothers visited at home every month for first year and once again at 18 months
  • asked mothers question about how baby protested in 7 different everyday separations
  • also tested stranger anxiety and infants response to unfamiliar adults
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11
Q

what was the findings for Schaffer and Emerson?

A
  • between 25 to 32 weeks 50% of babies showed separation anxiety signs towards caregiver (specific attachment)
  • by 40 weeks 80% of babies had specific attachment
  • 30% of babies also showed multiple attachment
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12
Q

what are Schaffers stages of attachment?

A
  • asocial stage (at first few weeks happy in presence of adults + behaviour towards non objects and humans similar)
  • indiscriminate attachment (at 2-7 months show preference for people, recognise familiar adults, no signs of separation anxiety + accept cuddles from anyone)
  • specific attachment (at 7 months shows stranger and separation anxiety from specific adult 65% of the time its the mother)
  • multiple attachment (attachment to adults they spend regularly with)
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13
Q

what has research said about attachment to fathers?

A

Schaffer and Emerson:
- fathers less likely to be primary attachment than mother by 7 months <5% cases father is primary attachment
- fathers become important attachment figures. 75% of babies formed attachment to father by 18 months

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14
Q

what did Grossman say about fathers roles?

A
  • quality of babys attachment to mothers not fathers related to attachments in adolsence
  • shows fathers attachment less important
  • found that fathers quality of play with babies related to adolsence
  • suggests father have different distinct role and is more focused on play and stimulation than emotional
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15
Q

why are primary attachment figures important?

A

has emotional significance as it forms basis of later emotional relationships

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16
Q

what is the evidence for fathers being primary attachment figures?

A
  • research showed that primary caregiver mothers and fathers face2face interactions were more similar (smiling and holding baby) than of secondary caregiver fathers - isabella et al
  • fathers can form emotional attachment and responsive interactions when primary caregiver
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17
Q

what was the method for Lorenzs geese study?

A
  • randomly divided goose eggs into two groups
  • one group was hatched naturally and second group was hatched in incubator with lorenz being the first large moving object they saw then recorded following behaviour
  • he marked the goslings based off how they hatched and put them in an upside down box and removed it
  • their following behaviour was recorded
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18
Q

what was the findings of Lorenzs study?

A
  • goslings hatched naturally followed their mother
  • goslings hatched in incubator followed lorenz
  • following behaviour was the same at birth and when box moved
  • imprinting occurs at 4-25 hours and is irreversible
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19
Q

what was the method for Harlows monkey study?

A
  • two wire model monkey mothers and 16 baby monkeys
  • one condition plain wire mother dispensed milk
  • another condition cloth covered mother dispensed milk
20
Q

what was the findings of Harlows study?

A
  • baby monkeys cuddled and sought comfort from cloth covered monkey than plain one when frightened regardless of which mother fed them milk
  • showed contact comfort was more important than food when forming attachment in monkeys
21
Q

what were the effects long term of the maternally deprived monkeys?

A

more aggressive and less sociable and bred less often (if they did breed they neglected or attacked their baby even killing them in some cases)

22
Q

when is the critical period Harlow suggested?

A

mother figure must be introduced by 90 days after than attachment impossible to form

23
Q

classical conditioning in learning theory?

A

UCS (food) -> UCR (pleasure)
NS (caregiver) + UCS -> UCR
CS (caregiver) -> CR (pleasure)

24
Q

operant conditioning in learning theory?

A
  • crying is reinforced as it gives a positive consequence such as feeding or response from caregiver
  • caregiver receives negative reinforcement as something unpleasant is stopped (baby cries)
25
Q

what is bowlbys monotropic theory?

A

the idea children are born with innate tendency to form attachment with their parents in order to increase chances of survival

26
Q

what are the four key terms in bowlbys monotropic theory and explain them?

A

1) monotropy - childs primary attachment figure is different and more important than others
2) social releasers - babies born with innate set of cute behaviours to encourage attention from adults to form attachments
3) critical period - of around 6 months can be extended up to two years if attachment not formed in this time its harder to form one later
4) internal working model - a child forms a mental representation of relationships based off primary figure and models future relationships

27
Q

what behaviours were judged in Ainsworth strange situation?

A
  • proximity seeking
  • exploration and secure base behaviour
  • stranger anxiety
  • separation anxiety
  • reunion response
28
Q

what was the procedure for the strange situation?

A

in controlled lab with two way mirror
1) child encourage to explore
2) stranger comes in and tries to interact with child
3) caregiver leaves child and stranger together
4) caregiver returns and stranger leaves
5) caregiver leaves child alone
6) stranger returns
7) caregiver returns and is reunited with child

29
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

child explores happily and regularly goes back to caregiver show moderate separation and stranger anxiety accept comfort at reunion stage (60-75% of babies)

30
Q

what is insecure avoidant?

A

child explores freely shows no base behaviour little separation and stranger anxiety dont require comfort at reunion (20-25% of babies)

31
Q

what is insecure resistant?

A

child needs greater proximity to caregiver show heavy anxiety and resist comfort at reunion (3% of babies)

32
Q

what was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs meta analysis?

A

conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies from 8 different countries and over 1990 infants were analysed

33
Q

what was the findings of meta analysis on cultural variations of attachment?

A
  • secure attachment was most common in all countries
  • insecure resistant was overall least common
  • insecure avoidant was found mostly in germany and least in japan
  • variations between results of studies in the same countries were 150% more different than that of different countries
  • attachment smililar in countries but culture influence type of attachment
34
Q

what is the difference between separation and deprivation?

A

separation simply means child isnt present in primary attachment figure deprivation is when separation leads to lack of emotional care

35
Q

effects on development from emotional deprivation?

A
  • intellectual development (lack of maternal care leads to low IQ)
  • emotional development (leads to affectionless psychopathy inable to feel guilt or strong emotion can lead to criminal activity)
36
Q

what was the procedure for Bowlbys 44 theives study?

A
  • 44 teenage criminals accused of stealing
  • all theives showed signs of affectionless psychopathy
  • families also interviewed to establish any prolonged separation from mother
37
Q

what was Bowlbys 44 thieves study findings?

A
  • 14/44 described as affectionless psychopaths
  • 12/14 experienced prolonged separation from their mothers first two years of their life
  • 5/30 remaining thieves experienced separations as well
  • concluded prolonged separation in early years causes affectionless psychopathy
38
Q

what was the procedure of Rutters romanian orphange study?

A
  • Rutter followed up 165 romanian orphans adopted in britain to test effects of institutionalization at early ages
  • tested emotional cognitive and physical development at was assessed at 4,6,11 and 15 years
  • control group of 52 british orphans adopted at same time
39
Q

what was the findings of Rutters study?

A
  • all children showed different IQ levels at 11 those adopted before 6 months at 102 IQ those between 6 months to 2 years was 86 IQ and those after 2 years was 77
  • these differences remained till 16
  • those adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment like attention seeking clinginess and social behaviour same for both familiar and unfamiliar adults
  • those adopted before 6 months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment
40
Q

what was the procedure for Zeanah et al?

A
  • assessed attachment in 95 children between 12 - 31 months who had spent most their life in institutional care
  • attachment type measured by strange situation
  • 50 children control group who nevr experienced institutional care
41
Q

what was Zaenah et als finding?

A
  • 74% control group had secure attachment
  • 19% of institutional children showed secure attachment while 65% has disorganised attachment
42
Q

what are the effects of institutionalisation?

A

1) disinhibited attachment
2) intellectual disability (emotional development affects intellectual development)

43
Q

what is internal working model?

A

our mental representation of the world based off our relationship with our primary attachment figure and affects future relationships with partners or own children

44
Q

how does attachment type affect relationships in later childhood?

A
  • research shows securely attached babies had better peer relationships during childhood than those with insecure attachment who found it more difficult to maintain friendship
  • minnesota child parent study showed children who rated high in social competence were more popular and less isolated which can be concluded off their internal working model
45
Q

how does internal working model affect adult relationships?

A
  • bailey et al looked at the attachment types for nearly 100 mothers and their infants
  • found that women had the same attachment type to their infant like they did with their own mother
  • supporting the fact internal working model affects parenting
46
Q

what was the procedure for Hazan and Shavers love quiz study?

A
  • analysed 620 love quiz responses in american local newspaper
  • first part assessed respondants current or most important relationships
  • second part assessed general love experience
  • third part asessed attachment types
47
Q

what was the findings for Hazan and Shavers love quiz study?

A
  • 56% of respondants were securely attached
  • 25% insecure avoidant
  • 19% insecure resistant
  • those with secure attachment had longer last romantic experiences while those who are avoidant had more jealousy and fear of intimacy
  • concluded attachment type affects romantic relationships

psychology alevel aqa (5 decks)

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