attachment ao3 Flashcards
paper 1
care giver infant interaction
(filmed observation)
- can rewatch
- can establish inter observer reliability as multiple researchers can watch film
- control lab = control of extraneous variables
- measure what were meant to = high internal validity
care giver interaction (interpretation of baby behaviour)
- unsure of what baby behaviour means
- not sure if random or meanigful (special)
- turns into confounding variable = not measuring what were supposed to
- lowers internal validity
care giver infant interaction (socially sensitive)
- pressure mums to leave work and stay with baby
- put hold to career for baby
- ethical implications = negative impact on economy
- take benefits no tax pay
bowblys monotropic theory (lacks validity)
- research against theory suggests baby can form multiple attachments and first attachment not important
- questions bowlbys concept
- now unsure if babies first attachment is as important as theory says it to be
bowlbys monotropic theory (research support IWM)
- research done shows mums with poor attachment to baby had poor attachment to their own caregivers
- supports IWM therefore bowlbys theory and how first attachment affects ability to form future attachments
- pessimistic
- can lead to future parents not having children due their own childhood
bowlbys monotropic theory (research support for social releasers)
- research shows importance of social releasers to interact with caregiver
- baby shows distress when ignored
- shows social releasers important in developing attachment supporting theory
effects of institutionalisation on romanian orphans (high internal validity rutters study)
- children abandoned in orphanage
- no previous trauma = no confounding variables
- therefore studying affects of institutionalisation + intellect
- increase validity = studying what were meant to
effects of institutionalisation on romanian orphans (low eco + pop validity)
- only studied neglectful institutions not better quality ones
- only shows affects for neglectful institutions
- only done on romanian orphans
- cant generalise = not everyoene same effect
effects of institutionalisation on romanian orphans (practical applications)
- lead to improvement of institutions
and how babies cared for - babies assigned one caregiver
- can form positive IWM and good attachment with caregiver
- enable them to form good attachments in future
SLT as an explanation for attachment (research against)
- schaffer and emerson found babies form better attachment with responsive adult rather than caregiver
- goes against theory
- theory would say better attachment with caregiver
- shows responsivness more important
SLT as an explanation for attachment (schaffer emerson counterpoint)
- had small sample size
- only glasgow babies of working families
- cant generalise
- as not every baby will prefer responsiveness to its main caregiver
SLT as an explanation for attachment (harlows research)
- found that baby monkeys prefer contact comfort over food esp when scared
- goes against theory = would say food > contact comfort
- animal extrapolation
- animals humans different needs = questions research against theory
animal studies in attachment (animal extrapolation)
- animals and birds/monkeys have different attachment system + different needs
- findings cant be generalised
- as results may not be the same
- might not be effective in studying human attachment
animal studies in attachment (practical application)
- social workers aware of importance and risks of neglect
- improved social care systems
- improved treatment of monkeys
- study had high internal validity = findings can be applied everyday
animal studies in attachment (ethical issues)
- protection from harm
- monkeys maternally deprived had consequences mentally
- dysfunctional not mate etc
- cost benefit analysis = benefit outweights costs = important findings in attachment despite criticism
cultural variations in attachment (imposed etic)
- used strange situtation which cant be applied to multiple cultures
- in america no separation anxiety means insecure avoidant but in germany means independence
- apply to other cultures = imposed etic = beta bias
- questions cultural variations in attachment
cultural variations in attachment (strange situation questioned)
- researchers argue SS tests personality type rather than attachment type
- studies may not be measuring cultural variations in attachment
- lower internal validity = usefulness in studying variations limited
cultural variations in attachment (use indgenious researcher)
- all research done by indigenous researchers
- raises internal validity as researchers know culture well
- measures what intended
schaffers stages (research support)
- babies at 25-32 weeks showed separation anxiety
- babies at 40 weeks had formed specific attachment
- suggests babies attachment form through stages = so supports stages
schaffers stages (high ecological validity)
- study done in participant homes so high ecological validity
- however mums may change behaviour due to observation
- social desirability bias = not objective = not measuring what meant to
- low internal validity of stages + study
schaffers stages (high + low pop validity)
- high pop as done on working class babies so can generalise on others
- but low pop because only done on glasgow babies
- cant generalise if we do = imposed etic = beta bias
- stages have low pop validity
ainsworth strange situation (high inter rater reliability)
- bick et al found 0.94+ agreement between observers of SS
- strong correlation = shows low researcher bias = highly controlled as not confounding
- increase internal validity of SS measuring what we should be
ainsworth strange situation (low population validity)
- only done on white working class women = small sample
- cant be generalised onto others as attachment types may not be the same
- not representative
ainsworth strange situation (enthocentric study)
- SS is ethnocentric = doesnt take into account cultural differences
- cant be applied to other cultures = imposed etic = beta bias
- only applied to america as emic so in other cultures not valid
role of the father (contradictory findings)
- findings vary across methodology used = grossman said fathers have distinct role = play and stimulation = affects quality of future attachments
- would expect kids of lesbians to act different but dont
- contradicts findings = shows fathers have distinct role when present
- but families can adapt without them
role of the father (practical application)
- findings can be used in family advice
- reassure fathers children can form primary attachment with them
- removes pressures of mums to leave jobs = no economic implications = more tax pay no benefits
- also helps lesbian mums know their child will be fine without dad figure
role of the father (biological determinism + genes)
- fathers arent as equipped as mothers to be nuturing due to biology
- women = more oestrogen men = less so more difficulty forming attachments
- fathers role biologically determined and restricted due to biological makeup
- pessimistic view = shows dads have no free will and cant form good attachments = contradicted by reserach = shows dads can be primary attachment
bowlbys monotropic theory (research support)
- bowlbys 44 thieves study shows link between maternal deprivation and emotional development
- 12/14 experienced prolonged deprivation in critical period
- supports theory
bowlbys monotropic theory (cant establish cause and effect)
- study suggests only deprivation causes later problems
- cant say deprivation actually causes issues
- not useful in supporting theory
- which suggets deprivation would cause these issues
bowlbys monotropic theory (contradictory evidence)
- study replication with 500 young people
- sample with prolonged separation didnt predict criminality
- issue for theory as would suggest prolonged deprivation causes criminality = contradicts theory
research into influence of attachment on childhood/adult relationships (research support)
- love quiz found link between secure attachments in childhood with positive relationships in adulthood (vice versa)
- supports IWM as early attachments acts as blueprint for future relationships = support influence
research into influence of attachment on childhood/adult relationships (low internal validity)
- ppts may have lied on quiz so them and their relationship can be seen positively = social desirability bias
- confounding variable = lowers internal validity of study
- questions love quiz support for influence of attachment
research into influence of attachment on childhood/adult relationships (contradictory findings)
- zimmerman suggests infant attachment tyoes and quality of relationships with parents not related
- issue as IWM would say early attachments set blueprint for later ones
- research not found link so contradicts role of IWM and its influence on later attachments
