memory ao3 Flashcards
psychology paper 1
1
Q
interference (research support)
A
- ppts had reduced accurate recall when asked to recall original after learning other lists
- specifically when lists were similar (synonyms) = interference strongest here
- lab exp = high control of variables = measuring what supposed to = can establish cause an effect = good internal validity = supports theory
2
Q
interference (mundane realism)
A
- artificial tasks used = dont relate to real life (different things we remember in real life)
- therefore study supports interference but mainly for lab studies etc and not real life = may not have same outcome
- study has low external validity so interference theory has low external validity
3
Q
interference (rugby player study support)
A
- other researchers did study on rugby players found the more games they played the less they remember oppositions names
- supports interference as more things to remember conflict with eachother so forget + similar
- natural study = high ecological validity = reflects real life
- low control of variables eg how much they have to remember = turn confounding = low internal validity = not sure if study actually supports theory
4
Q
retrival failure (research support)
A
- researchers put divers in matched or non matched conditions
- found divers in non matched conditions had 40% less accurate recall of list
- as cues at learning werent there at recall = supports context dependent learning
- highly controlled = high internal validity
5
Q
retrival failure (artificial tasks)
A
- not strong support for context depedent learning
- divers recalled or learned underwater = doesnt relate to real life
- artificial tasks so lacks ecological validity
- supports retrival failure for extreme different environment not realistic ones = so retrival failure may not give proper explanations of forgetting through context
6
Q
retrieval failure (practical application)
A
- memory can be prompted using context cues eg retracing steps to find something we lost
- using this idea police developed cognitive interview
- used to find EWT and gain all context and details on what EW saw
- shows RF is a valuable explanation as it has practical application in official context (police interviews) or everyday life (giving students advice how to study)
7
Q
using cognitive interviews as a way to improve EWT (research support)
A
- meta analysis done and found CI consistently provided accurate EWT than using standard police interviews
- consistent findings show theyre reliable + good support
- strength in these studies shows using enhanced CI has practical value = greater chance police catch more criminals = support CI in improving EWT
8
Q
using cognitive interviews as a way to improve EWT (CI not used properly by police)
A
- not always used properly by police = need specific training and specialist = not enough time for police to train + not enough funding
- police may use a less intense version of CI and cut it down to save time and quicken up case
- CI effectivness is reduced in these scenarios and not good in improving EWT
- could have negative economic implications = not improving EWT = waste money which couldve been used in something else
9
Q
cognitive interview as a way to improve EWT (both accuracy and inaccuracy increase in CI)
A
- researchers who did meta analysis found along with the 81% increase in correct information there was a 61% increase in incorrect
- shows CI is not that effective in improving EWT
- however overall effect is increasing accuracy
- therefore find ways to improve CI than abandon it as standard interview less accurate
10
Q
influence of misleading information on accuracy of EWT (practical application)
A
- has practical uses = researchers suggested that misleading questions have major impact on accuracy of EWT
- led to police to be careful when phrasing their questions in EWT
- has practical application in CI as it helps improve accuracy of EWT
- have positive influences on peoples lives as improves legal system + help people in court
11
Q
influence of misleading information on accuracy of EWT (artificial tasks)
A
- ppts watched car accident video = doesnt relate to real life accident/crime as not same emotion
- research has said emotion has major impact on accuracy of EWT
- so research lacks mundane realism = findings show how it effects artificial tasks and not real life crimes
- pessimistic as well could be said real EWT maybe more accurate than study suggest
12
Q
influence of misleading information on accuracy of EWT (demand characteristics)
A
- ppts may have wanted to be helpful/useful = please you effect
- ppts may have wanted to be seen in positive light/ attentive = social desirability bias
- causes ppts to change answer = acts as confounding variable = lower internal validity
- may not actually be measuring impact of misleading info on accuracy of EWT
13
Q
influence of anxiety on accuracy of EWT (study lacks control)
A
- ppts interviewed 4/5 months post crime = researchers cant control what happened during then
- accuracy could be affected through media coverage/post event dicussion
- these act as confounding variables lowering internal validity of study
- may not be meausirng affect of anxiety but other variables = questions support
14
Q
influence of anxiety on accuracy of EWT (demand characteristics)
A
- study uses staged crime = ppts may figure out part of study
- could go along please you effect or screw you effect
- or want to be seen in positive light = social desirability bias
- not be truthful of how anxiety effects EWT = acts as confounding = lowers internal validity of study = may not be measuring what were supposed to
15
Q
influence of anxiety on accuracy of EWT (weapon focus may not be linked with anxiety)
A
- weapon focus maybe linked with suprise rather than anxiety
- supported by study = researcher showed ppts hairdressing video with raw chicken, scissors,gun and wallet
- scissors low anxiety as usual stuff = gun and chicken had very low accurate EWT = shows suprise being measured than anxiety
- weapon focus linked to suprise = Johnson scott study low internal validity = not measuring what supposed to
16
Q
working memory model (research support)
A
- ppts asked to do 2 visual tasks or verbal+visual tasks = those who did 2 visual tasks found it more difficult = use same store = competition
- those who did separate tasks used separate stores = less competition
- therefore supporting WMM
17
Q
working memory model (mundane realism)
A
- study used artifical environment which cant be generalised onto real life = lack ecological validity
- also uses artificial materials so it lacks mundane realism
- study shows support for WMM in artificial settings but not real life
18
Q
working memory model (KF case study)
A
- case study supports that’s STM is a separate store = KF has poor STM of verbal but good STM of visual
- shows visualspatial sketchpad not damaged but phonological loop
- suggests STM has separate stores however idiographic case = low population valdiity = not everyone shows support like KF
19
Q
different types of LTM (clive wearing case study)
A
- clive wearing had difficulty recalling from his past bur could still play piano
- shows episodic memory damaged but not procedural = supports theyre separate and in different parts of brain
- idiographic approach = indepth qualitative data = more support for LTM stores being different
20
Q
different types of LTM (low population validity + low internal validity)
A
- idiographic = low population validity = just because clives case shows support doesnt mean everyones will
- we dont know how clives memory was before = he couldve had problems previously = family/friends could tell us = might be inaccurate/biased = dont know what caused amnesia
- could be other variables = not controlled = low internal validity = questions cases support for MSM
21
Q
different types of LTM (practical application)
A
- can apply to real life treatments and target specific LTM that has been impaired
- psychologists now are able to treat specific LTM to improve peoples lives
- further research has show older people with mild cognitive impairments episodic memory can be improved using training programs
- research has now allowed us to help people as we have distinguished them
22
Q
multistore memory model (research support)
A
- STM codes acoustically LTM semantically
- both code differently so separate stores = have to use processes to transfer information to eachother
- use artificial materials = doesnt relate to real life = lack mundane realism = low ecological validity
- not sure if different scenarios will give same result
23
Q
multistore memory model (LTM is not a unitary store)
A
- there is research against LTM being unitary = found out there is types of LTM like semantic or procedural memory
- goes against MSM as it suggests LTM unitary but findings contradict it weakness of MSM
24
Q
multistore memory model (case study HM)
A
- HMs LTM was badly damaged couldnt remember what happened an hour ago = didnt improve no matter how much they trained him
- he had almost normal digit span for STM could recall info immediately after seeing it
- shows that STM LTM are separate if ones damaged other wont be supports MSM
- idiographic = low population validity = just because HM supports MSM doesnt mean everyone will
25
Q
coding STM (research support- baddeley)
A
- baddeley found ppts when asked to immediatly recall list found difficulty remembering acoustically similar words = STM codes acoustically
- artificial tasks = lacks mundane realism = doesnt relate to real life = lacks ecological validity = cant assume real life situation would have same findings
26
Q
coding LTM (research support- baddeley)
A
- baddeley found ppts when aksed to recall list after 20 mins found difficult to recall semantically similar words = LTM codes semantically
- artificial task = lacks mundane realism
- baddeleys findings still believed today = shows STM/LTM separate = supports MSM
27
Q
capacity STM (research support- Jacob)
A
- jacobs found average of 7 letters and 9 digits recalled = shows STM capacity limited to 9 items
- study done a long time ago = lack control/ variables eg distractions = turn into confounding = lowers internal validity as may not performed how they normally would
- study replicated years later = findings replicated = suggests study may have high internal validity
28
Q
duration STM (research support - peterson peterson)
A
- found memory for trigrams decreased quickly overtime = duration 18-30 secs
- trigrams not realistic = lack mundane realism = cant be generalised onto other situations = STM 18-30 secs for unrealistic material
29
Q
duration LTM (research support - bahrick et al)
A
- ppts after 15 years still had 90% accuracy in photo recognition = dropped to 70% after 48 years = LTM duration probably for lifetime
- used a yearbook so not artificial task = increase ecological validity and mundane realism = can be generalised onto other scanerios
- cant control some variables = how often checked yearbook = confounding = not measuring what supposed to = lower internal validity
