Psychoneuroimmunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two pathways that connect the CNS to the immune system?

A

Direct via neuron

Indirect via neuroendocrine

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2
Q

What are the neuropeptides that are released with stress in the brain?

A

Catecholamines
GABA
ACh
Serotonin

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3
Q

How does stress lead the CNS to alter the immune system?

A

Stress will cause the release of neuropeptides that stimulate the release of CRH from the hypothalamus leading to pituitary release of ACTH which triggers adrenal cortisol release to affect the immune system.

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4
Q

What is bone marrow primarily stimulated by?

A

Noradrenergic fibers (NE)

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5
Q

What is the thymus primarily stimulated by?

A
Noradrenergic fibers (NE)
Cholinergic fibers (ACh)
Peptidergic
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6
Q

What is the spleen primarily stimulated by?

A

Noradrenergic fibers (NE)

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7
Q

What are the lymph nodes primarily stimulated by?

A
Noradrenergic fibers (NE)
Peptidergic
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8
Q

How do splanchnics control the immune system?

A

They innervate the adrenal medulla and control catecholamine release which can directly affect the immune system.

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9
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?

A

It is anti-inflammatory.

Reduces cytokines, T /B cell reactivity and NK cell reactivity

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10
Q

What is the effect of E and NE on the immune system?

A

Increases leukocyte mobilization and NK cell activity

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11
Q

What is the effect of beta endorphins and enkephalins on the immune system?

A

Increase T cell reactivity and NK cell activity

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12
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress is conceptualized as either a physical stimulus (i.e., stressor) or a response (i.e., stress response).

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13
Q

Where do endorphins come from?

A

They are a split part of POMC

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14
Q

What are endorphins like? Hormones or NTs?

A

Hormones

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15
Q

What are enkephalins like? Hormones or NTs?

A

NTs

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16
Q

What are the main effects occurring during acute stress?

A

E and NE trigger leukocyte mobilization which causes them to redistribute to the lymph nodes

17
Q

Why is there a decrease in lymphocytes 1 hour after an acute stress?

A

One hour after parachute jumping, the number of various mononuclear cell populations decrease because the cells have localized to the regional lymph nodes.

18
Q

What is CD11a?

A

Adhesion molecule present on leukocytes that has increased expression in acute stress

19
Q

What is ICAM-1?

A

Adhesion molecule on the surface of endothelial cells that allows for leukocyte binding

20
Q

What happens to the DTH response with high cortisol levels?

A

It will decrease the DTH response

21
Q

What are the main effects occurring during chronic stress?

A

Decrease in cytokines (IL-1) and decreased Ab production

22
Q

What cytokines affect nerve firing frequencies in the CNS?

A

IL-1/6 and TNF-alpha

23
Q

What is sickness behavior?

A

It is caused by cytokines in the CNS that causes effects like fever, aches, and lethargy that are due to prostaglandins

24
Q

What is the importance of the splenic nerve?

A

Action potential will release NE which leads to ACh production by T cells. The ACh interacts with macrophages and inhibits IL-1/6 and TNF-alpha production

25
Q

What is the immediate function of the stress response?

A

Release catecholamines to mobilize leukocytes to have rapid responses in case of injury

26
Q

What is the function of the slower stress response?

A

Slower cortisol release will inhibit the immune system to maximize energy for the fight or flight response