PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 CHAPTER 12- Personality Flashcards
☀️☀️☀️FREUD’S PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
-childhood, especially, is important to shape personality
- three components of personality (Id, ego, superego)
- NEED TO HAVE A BALANCE BETWEEN 3 PARTS
- ACCORDING TO FREUD, CONFLICT BETWEEN 3 PARTS SHAPES PERSONALITY AND DETERMINES BEHAVIOUR
- different levels of personality (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
- freud’s work is based on his observations (patients, family etc)
- iceberg metaphor
- the idea that our personality is fully developed by the time we are 5-6 years old
❓❓❓Define personality
- the relatively consistent set of characteristics that determine our thoughts, feelings and behaviour when alone or in a social situation
- personality is stable across lifespan
❓❓❓What is a Freudian Slip?
-when you mean to say one thing but you say something else (from unconscious)
❓❓❓What does the id represent? (Freud’s components of intelligence)
-the pleasure principal
(innate, biological needs eg. hunger, thirst, sleep)
-increases pleasure and avoids pain
❓❓❓What does the ego represent ? (Freud’s components of intelligence)
-the reality principle
(realistic, logical, orderly)
-there is to ensure the needs of the id De met in a socially acceptable way
❓❓❓What does the superego represent? (Freud’s components of intelligence)
-the moral principle
(Conscience)
-right and wrong, strives for perfection
❓❓❓Describe the conscious level (freud’s levels of personality)
- “stream of consciousness”
- thoughts which we are aware of
❓❓❓Describe the preconscious level (freud’s levels of personality)
-thoughts which we are not aware of, but are easily accessed
❓❓❓Describe the unconscious level (freud’s levels of personality)
-hidden thoughts which are suppressed and not easily accessed
❓❓❓What are defence mechanisms?
-help to reduce anxiety y denying, falsifying or distorting reality at an unconscious level
❓❓❓Name five defence mechanisms
- denial
- repression
- reaction-formation
- regression
- projection
- rationalisation
- compensation
- sublimation
- intellectualisation
- fantasy
- displacement
❓❓❓Describe Denial (defence mechanisms)
-Refusing to believe what ever it is that is causing anxiety
E.g.you tell yourself that the exam tomorrow is not a big deal and you go to a movie instead
❓❓❓Describe reaction-formation (defence mechanisms)
-thinking, feeling or behaving in a manner which is opposite to how you really think, feel or behave
E.g. Being really nice to someone you dislike
❓❓❓Describe regression (defence mechanisms)
-going back to a younger, childish way of behaving
E.g. Getting angry and stamping your feet
❓❓❓Describe rationalisation (defence mechanisms)
-Making up a socially acceptable explanation to justify unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviours
E.g. Saying you didn’t play your best during your soccer game because you were sick, even though you were feeling fine
❓❓❓Describe Projection (defence mechanisms )
-Shifting our unwanted thoughts, feelings or personal shortcomings on to someone else
E.g. Saying you hit someone because they hate you, even you are the one who hates them
❓❓❓Name Freud’s Five Psychosexual stages
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genial
❓❓❓Describe the Oral stage (Freud’s Psychosexual Stages)
-pleasure for infants focuses around its mouth, through sucking, biting or chewing
E.g. Sucking on thumbs, biting pens
❓❓❓Describe the Anal stage (Freud’s Psychosexual Stages)
-focus of pleasure relates to the anus
E.g. Toilet training
❓❓❓Describe the Phallic Stage (Freud’s Psychosexual Stages)
-children develop an unconscious attraction the to parent of the opposite sex
E.g. “When I grow up, I want to marry daddy”
-Oedipus complex, Electra complex
❓❓❓Describe the Latency stage (Freud’s Psychosexual Stages)
-developing close relationships with people of the same sex
E.g. Girls develop friendships with girls
❓❓❓Describe the Genital stage (Freud’s Psychosexual Stages)
-young people experience a need for mature social and sexual relationships with others
E.g. Romantic involvement, dating
❓❓❓Define Fixation
- if a child’s needs are not correctly met at that stage, they are unable to deal with other emotional crises at letter stages. This may prevent development of ‘normal’ personality
❓❓❓What are some positive aspects of Freud’s theory and some criticisms?
- explains differences in personality
- explains how personality develops
- first to propose stage theory
- too much focus on sexuality
- limited sample
- subjective (based on observations of clients/family)
❓❓❓What are Eyesneck’s Three dimensions of personality?
Extraversion-introversion
Neuroticism-Emotional Stability
Psychoticism
❓❓❓Define Extraversion-Introversion (Eyesneck’s three dimensions)
CLOSER TO EXTRAVERSION
-sociable, outgoing, energised by being with other people
CLOSER TO INTROVERSION
-quiet, thoughtful, reserved, energised by own thoughts and feelings
❓❓❓Define neuroticism-emotional stability (Eyesneck’s three dimensions)
CLOSER TO NEUROTICISM
-tendency to worry,anxious, moody, tense
CLOSER TO EMOTIONAL STABILITY
-calm, even tempered, relaxed
☀️☀️☀️EYESNECK
-believed personality is based on our genetics and function
❓❓❓Define Psychoticism
-traits such as aggression, egocentric, impulsive, impersonal, anti-social, not empathetic, tough minded
☀️☀️☀️THE EPQ
- Eyesneck Personality Questionnaire
- revised in 1991, now EPQ-R
- evaluates personality of individuals over 18
- measures “how much” or “how little” a person has of each PEN
- 10-15 mins, 160 self report questions
❓❓❓What is a personality trait?
- an enduring personality characteristic that determines an individual’s behaviour
- traits are stable
- personality consists of a range of traits, on a continuum
❓❓❓What are some strengths and limitations of trait theories?
STRENGTHS
- provide useful descriptions of personality and it’s structure
- have provided foundations for personality assessment devices
LIMITATIONS
- can oversimplify classifications and descriptions or people
- human personality is too complex to be described by simple label
- underestimates uniqueness of each individual
❓❓❓Name the five parts of Costa and McCrae’s five factor model (OCEAN)
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
❓❓❓Name the five parts of Costa and McCrae’s five factor model (OCEAN)
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Openness To Experience’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-imaginative, curious, artistic, excitable
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Openness To Experience’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-imaginative, curious, artistic, excitable
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Conscientiousness’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-organised, thorough, efficient, reliable, dutiful
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Conscientiousness’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-organised, thorough, efficient, reliable, dutiful
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Extraversion’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Extraversion’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Agreeableness’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-cooperative, sympathetic, kind, modest, forgiving
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Agreeableness’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-cooperative, sympathetic, kind, modest, forgiving
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Neuroticism’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-tense, anxious, moody, irritable, impulsive
❓❓❓Name some traits of ‘Neuroticism’ (Costa and McCrae’s OCEAN model)
-tense, anxious, moody, irritable, impulsive
☀️☀️☀️INFLUENCE OF GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
-investigated newborns shortly after birth. They found they had similar traits at different times later in their life (supports heredity)
TWIN STUDIES
- if personality is entirely heredity identical twins should have had similar personalities.
- non identical twins are only 50% alike
- traits = genetic component
ADOPTION STUDIES
- resembles the personality of the biological parents
- support heredity, however should consider the role of the care giver and experience within the family e.g. Birth order
☀️☀️☀️INFLUENCE OF GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
-investigated newborns shortly after birth. They found they had similar traits at different times later in their life (supports heredity)
TWIN STUDIES
- if personality is entirely heredity identical twins should have had similar personalities.
- non identical twins are only 50% alike
- traits = genetic component
ADOPTION STUDIES
- resembles the personality of the biological parents
- support heredity, however should consider the role of the care giver and experience within the family e.g. Birth order
❓❓❓Name and define two personality measuring tests
INVENTORIES
-self report method (can be written or online) which has a list of questions designed to assess various aspects of personality
PROJECTIVE TESTS
- tries to uncover an individual’s unconscious hidden aspects of personality by asking them to describe what they see or to make up a story from an ambiguous stimulus
- subjective
❓❓❓Name and define two personality measuring tests
INVENTORIES
-self report method (can be written or online) which has a list of questions designed to assess various aspects of personality
PROJECTIVE TESTS
- tries to uncover an individual’s unconscious hidden aspects of personality by asking them to describe what they see or to make up a story from an ambiguous stimulus
- subjective
❓❓❓What is the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator? (MBTI)
- personality inventory that categorises individuals into one of 16 personality types depending on their preferences for how they perceive the world and make decisions
- widely used in vocation selection
❓❓❓What is the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator? (MBTI)
- personality inventory that categorises individuals into one of 16 personality types depending on their preferences for how they perceive the world and make decisions
- widely used in vocation selection
❓❓❓Name the four dimensions of the MBTI
Extraversion-introversion
Sensing-intuition
Thinking-feeling
Judging-perceiving
❓❓❓Name the four dimensions of the MBTI
Extraversion-introversion
Sensing-intuition
Thinking-feeling
Judging-perceiving
❓❓❓Define Extraversion-Introversion (MBTI)
E= energy directed towards the world
I= energy directed towards own thoughts, ideas
❓❓❓Define Extraversion-Introversion (MBTI)
E= energy directed towards the world
I= energy directed towards own thoughts, ideas
❓❓❓Define Sensing-Intuition (MBTI)
S= take in info from senses
N=take in info from unconscious
❓❓❓Define Sensing-Intuition (MBTI)
S= take in info from senses
N=take in info from unconscious
❓❓❓Define Thinking-Feeling (MBTI)
T= use logic, impersonal reasoning
F= use personal feelings to make decisions
❓❓❓Define Thinking-Feeling (MBTI)
T= use logic, impersonal reasoning
F= use personal feelings to make decisions
❓❓❓Define Judging-Perceiving (MBTI)
J= approach life in an orderly, organised way
P= more flexible, spontaneous
❓❓❓Define Judging-Perceiving (MBTI)
J= approach life in an orderly, organised way
P= more flexible, spontaneous
❓❓❓Name some strengths and limitations of inventories
STRENGTHS
- quick and easy to administer
- can be administered to large amounts of people
- objective bc straight forward answers (yes/no)
LIMITATIONS
- cultural bias
- answers can be manipulated
❓❓❓Name some strengths and limitations of inventories
STRENGTHS
- quick and easy to administer
- can be administered to large amounts of people
- objective bc straight forward answers (yes/no)
LIMITATIONS
- cultural bias
- answers can be manipulated
❓❓❓What is Rorchach’s Inkblot Test?
- 10 stimulus cards
- test takers interpret inkblots
- test administer interprets test taker’s answer
❓❓❓What is Rorchach’s Inkblot Test?
- 10 stimulus cards
- test takers interpret inkblots
- test administer interprets test taker’s answer
❓❓❓Name some strengths and limitations of projective tests
STRENGTHS
- test takers don’t have restricted answers
- rich, personalised qualitative data
LIMITATIONS
- very subjective
- having no ‘right’ answer can make them difficult to interpret
❓❓❓Name some strengths and limitations of projective tests
STRENGTHS
- test takers don’t have restricted answers
- rich, personalised qualitative data
LIMITATIONS
- very subjective
- having no ‘right’ answer can make them difficult to interpret
❓❓❓How does birth order affect personality?
-Children have different experiences, depending on when they were born into the family
❓❓❓How does birth order affect personality?
-Children have different experiences, depending on when they were born into the family
❓❓❓How does being a ‘first born’ affect personality?
- Showered with love and affection
- heavily disciplined by enthusiastic, yet inexperienced parents
- May be conscientious, cautious, responsible, ambitious
❓❓❓How does being a ‘first born’ affect personality?
- Showered with love and affection
- heavily disciplined by enthusiastic, yet inexperienced parents
- May be conscientious, cautious, responsible, ambitious
❓❓❓How does being a ‘later born’ affect personality?
- Good at negotiating and sorting out problems
- parents are less demanding
- more sociable
- more “spoilt”
❓❓❓How does being a ‘later born’ affect personality?
- Good at negotiating and sorting out problems
- parents are less demanding
- more sociable
- more “spoilt”
❓❓❓How does being an “only child” affect personality?
- Self confident because there are no other siblings
- social skills may not be as good
- self reliant
- independent
❓❓❓How does being an “only child” affect personality?
- Self confident because there are no other siblings
- social skills may not be as good
- self reliant
- independent
