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Psychology Units 1+2 > PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 CHAPTER 08- Attitude Formation And Change > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 CHAPTER 08- Attitude Formation And Change Flashcards

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0
Q

❓❓❓Attitudes are learned through…

A
  • experience
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1
Q

❓❓❓What is an Attitude?

A

-an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event, issue

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2
Q

❓❓❓What is an evaluation?

A
  • a judgement being made, either positive/negative/neutral about a specific aspect of the world we live in
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3
Q

☀️☀️☀️ATTITUDES

A
  • reactions (opinions) to comments or questions
  • reflect unique experience and socio-cultural background
  • can be positive, negative or neutral
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4
Q

❓❓❓What is the Tri-Component Model Of Attiditudes?

A
  • a theory used to explain and/or describe what attitudes are, how they are formed and the circumstances under which they may change
  • components are Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive
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5
Q

❓❓❓What is the Affective component (Tri-component model)?

A
  • refers to emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event, issue
  • judgement results in a positive response (liking), negative response (disliking) or a neutral response (lack of interest)

E.g. Liking fitness

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6
Q

❓❓❓What is the Behavioural Component? (Tri-component model)

A
  • refers to the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions.

E.g. Running to keep fit

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7
Q

❓❓❓What is the Cognitive Component? (Tri-component model)

A
  • refers to the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event, issue

E.g. Believing fitness is important

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8
Q

❓❓❓All three components (Tri-component model) for…

A
  • an attitude to form

E.g. Avoiding a spider (B) because you are scared (A) and you believe it will harm you (C)

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9
Q

☀️☀️☀️INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN COMPONENTS

Tri-component model of attitudes

A
  • behaviour is sometimes inconsistent with affective and cognitive components
  • eg. Disliking cricket (A) because it takes too long (C) but you go to the game with your friends (B)
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10
Q

☀️☀️☀️LIMITATIONS OF TRI-COMPONENT MODEL OF ATTITUDES

A
  • inconsistency

- A and C may not accurately predict behaviour

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11
Q

❓❓❓What are four factors that can influence attitude and behaviour?

A
  • strength of the attitude
  • accessibility of the attitude
  • social context of the attitude
  • perceived control over the behaviour
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12
Q

❓❓❓Define ‘Strength Of The Attitude’

A
  • the stronger the attitude, the more likely it is that it will be stable and consistent over time, and be resistant to change
  • personal experience and being surrounded by like-minded people = stronger Attitude
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13
Q

❓❓❓Define ‘Accessibility Of The Attitude’

A
  • a strong attitude that comes easily to mind is more likely to be consistent with behaviour
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14
Q

❓❓❓Define ‘Social Context Of The Attitude’

A
  • situation may dominate the A and C components of an attitude
  • whether an attitude leads to a consistent behaviour is dependent on the situation
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15
Q

❓❓❓Define ‘Perceived Control Of The Behaviour’

A
  • the belief that an individual has that they are free to perform or not perform behaviour linked to an attitude and a belief that they can actually perform it
  • attitudes and behaviour are more likely to match when people perceive that they have control over the behaviour
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16
Q

❓❓❓What is Cognitive Dissonance?

A
  • when we recognise inconsistency between our attitudes and behaviour we may experience psychological tension or discomfort
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17
Q

❓❓❓What are four factors influencing attitude formation?

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • modelling
  • repeated exposure
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18
Q

❓❓❓Define Classical Conditioning (attitude formation)

A

-your attitude towards something may be influences when it is paired with something else that you already have particular feelings about

E.g. Soft drink endorsed by favourite soccer player
Positive attitude towards player leads to positive attitudes towards soft drink

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19
Q

❓❓❓Define Operant Conditioning (attitude formation)

A

-attitudes are formed/strengthened by feedback

E.g. Develop positive attitudes to cleaning is rewarded

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20
Q

❓❓❓Define Modelling (attitude formation)

A

-you may adapt a particular attitude after seeing someone else displays it. Person displaying is referred to as the model

E.g. People often develop same political views as parents

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21
Q

❓❓❓Define Repeated Exposure (attitude formation)

A

-repeated exposure to a particular person, object etc often leads to the formation of a positive attitude towards that person, object etc

E.g. Repeatedly seeing ads leads to positive feeling towards the product

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22
Q

❓❓❓What is the Primary Effect? (Attitudes towards people)

A
  • first impressions are mor influential than later information that may be obtained about a person
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23
Q

❓❓❓What is a stereotype?

A
  • a belief we have about the people who belong to a certain group
24
Q

☀️☀️☀️STEREOTYPES

A
  • when we evaluate people we tend to try and fit them into a category we understand based on our existing knowledge of people and the world, we are stereotyping
  • stereotypes help us organise information and make sense of the world
  • they ignore individuality and can be inaccurate
  • many cultural and social stereotypes are formed on that basis on little or no empirical evidence
25
Q

❓❓❓What is stigma?

A

-a negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way

26
Q

❓❓❓What is prejudice?

A
  • Prejudgment

- Attitudes towards people that can be either negative or positive

27
Q

❓❓❓What is negative prejudice?

A

-holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based only on their membership to that group

28
Q

❓❓❓What are some groups that may be the focus of prejudice?

A
  • gender
  • religion
  • race
  • culture
  • age

Majority group against minority group

29
Q

❓❓❓What are four key characteristics of prejudice?

A
  1. Belief of superiority from majority group
  2. Majority believes minority is different and ‘does not belong’
  3. Majority believes they have power and are important
  4. Majority is insecure and fears losing power
30
Q

❓❓❓Distinguish between ‘old-fashioned prejudice’ and ‘modern prejudice’

A

Old fashioned- open, straightforward (saying it to their face)
Modern- subtle, hidden (racist jokes)

31
Q

❓❓❓What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?

A
  • prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is a behaviour
32
Q

❓❓❓What is positive discrimination?

A

-Compensating for past injustice

33
Q

❓❓❓What is negative discrimination?

A

-negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group or member

34
Q

❓❓❓What is Direct Discrimination?

A

-when someone is treated unfairly because of a personal characteristic

35
Q

❓❓❓What is Indirect Discrimination?

A

-when treating everyone the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

36
Q

❓❓❓What are in groups and out groups?

A

In group- groups you belong to

Out group- groups you don’t belong to

37
Q

❓❓❓What is inter group conflict?

A

-when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group

38
Q

❓❓❓What is an attribution?

A

-The process of trying to explain observed behaviour in terms of a particular cause (what the reason behind the behaviour is)

39
Q

❓❓❓What is the difference between internal attributions and external attribution?

A

Internal- your own thoughts behind the behaviour

External- environmental factors behind the behaviour e.g. Peer pressure

40
Q

❓❓❓What are Fundamental Attributions?

A

-blaming personal characteristics for the behaviour

41
Q

❓❓❓What is the Just World Hypothesis

A
  • Saying “they deserved it” instead of blaming situational factors
42
Q

❓❓❓Explain Jane Elliot’s study

A

During the first day of her experiment, Jane Elliot told her grade 3 class that brown eyed children were superior to blue eyed children. The academic results of the brown eyed children improved and the blue eyed children became increasingly timid and completed their school work poorly.

The following Monday, she told the class that blue eyed people were more superior. The blue eyed children’s behaviour was not as intense as the brown eyed children’s the week before, probably because they knew how it felt to be discriminated against.

43
Q

❓❓❓What are five factors that reduce prejudice?

A
  • inter group contact
  • sustained contact
  • mutual interdependence
  • super ordinate goals
  • equality of status
44
Q

❓❓❓What is intergroup contact? (Reducing prejudice)

A

-increasing direct contact between the two groups that are prejudiced against each other

45
Q

❓❓❓What is sustained contact? (Reducing prejudice)

A

-ongoing contact, either directly or indirectly, over a period of time

46
Q

❓❓❓What is Mutual Interdependence? (Reducing prejudice)

A

-if two rivals were placed in a situation where they are mutual interdependent, there is a greater likelihood that the rivalry and negative stereotypes can be broken down

47
Q

❓❓❓What are Superordinate Goals? (Reducing prejudice)

A

-a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have

48
Q

❓❓❓What is Equality Of Status? (Reducing prejudice)

A

-the groups need to have equal status in the contact situation

49
Q

❓❓❓What is Cognitive Intervention?

A
  • It involves changing the way someone thinks about prejudice
50
Q

❓❓❓What is an observational study?

A
  • Watching what someone does and then inferring, or assuming, the underlying attitudes which may be associated with the behaviour
51
Q

❓❓❓What is a Self Report?

A
  • The participants spoken or unspoken responses to question, statements or instructions presented by the researcher
52
Q

❓❓❓What is a Survey? (Self report)

A
  • a method of measuring attitudes which includes any technique requiring a participant to answer questions
53
Q

❓❓❓What is a Questionnaire? (Self report)

A
  • a written set of questions designed to draw out self report information from a topic of research interest
54
Q

❓❓❓What is an interview? (Self report)

A
  • Involves questions that are asked by the researcher with the aim of obtaining self report information on a topic of research interest
55
Q

❓❓❓Distinguish between Free Response and Fixed Response questions

A

Free response: allow respondents to describe attitudes freely in their own words (qualitative data)

Fixed response: provide respondents with a number of ‘fixed’ alternative answers from which they are required to choose

56
Q

❓❓❓What is a Rating Scale? (Self report)

A
  • A series of fixed response questions or statements
57
Q

☀️☀️☀️ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT DEVICES

A

ADVANTAGES: questionnaires and rating scales and simple to complete, can be distributed to large amounts of people

LIMITATIONS: cannot be used with young children, illiterate adults, some intellectually disabled or mentally ill people

-participants may not remember exactly what happened/may give false information

Psychology Units 1+2 (12 decks)

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