PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 CHAPTER 10- Pro-Social And Anti-Social Behaviour

Question 0

❓❓❓What three factors influence pro-social behaviour?

Answer 0

• situational factors
• social norms
• personal factors

Question 1

❓❓❓What is Pro-Social behaviour?

Answer 1

-any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society

Question 2

❓❓❓What is Social Behaviour?

Answer 2

-any behaviour where interaction occurs between two or more people

Question 3

❓❓❓For pro-social behaviour to occur, what three situational factors are needed? (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)

Answer 3

• we need to notice the situation
• we need to interpret that help is needed
• we need to be prepared to take responsibility

Question 4

❓❓❓What are social norms? (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)

• Define Reciprocity Norm
• Define Social Responsibility Norm

Answer 4

SOCIAL NORMS
-standards that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations

RECIPROCITY NORM
-we should help others who help us
E.g. Helping someone with homework because we expect them to then help us with something else

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM
-we should help people who need help, because it is our responsibility to do so
E.g.helping bushfire victims

Question 5

❓❓❓Name and describe the three personal factors (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)

Answer 5

EMPATHY
-people are more likely to help if they are able to identify with and understand the other person’s feelings

MOOD
-people are more likely to help if they are in a good mood

COMPETENCE
-people are more likely to help if they believe they have the ability to help

Question 6

❓❓❓What is Altruism?

Answer 6

• pro-social behaviour focused on the wellbeing or benefit of others without giving any thought to personal gain or reward

Question 7

❓❓❓Describe the Kitty Genovese case

Answer 7

• around 3am Kitty was attacked by a knife wielding man and stabbed repeatedly
• Kitty repeatedly screamed for help
• 38 neighbours woke up and only 1 called the police while the other 37 stood at the windows

Question 8

❓❓❓What is the Bystander Effect?

Answer 8

• the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person when other bystanders are present or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone
• the more bystanders, the less likely to help

Question 9

❓❓❓Name and describe the three factors which influence the reluctance to help

Answer 9

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
- the belief that, in a situation where help is needed and others are present, one or more people will or should take responsibility for helping
E.G. kitty Genovese

AUDIENCE INHIBITION
-not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish
E.g. Smoke filled room experiment
(participants by themselves- 50% reported smoke within 2 mins and 75% within 3 1/2 mins)
(Participants with other- 62% stayed in room)

COST-BENIFT ANALYSIS
-an individual weighs up the personal and social costs against the benefits of helping

Question 10

❓❓❓What is Aggression?

Answer 10

-any voluntary behaviour that is intended to harm, either physically or psychologically, another person, group, animal, object etc

Question 11

❓❓❓What is Anti-Social behaviour?

Answer 11

-any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to to the wellbeing of another person or to the functioning of a group or society

Question 12

❓❓❓What is the main characteristic of aggression?

Answer 12

-it needs to be intentional

Question 13

❓❓❓Name and describe the different types of aggression

Answer 13

RELATIONAL AGGRESSION
-causing psychological harm through harassment and ostracism

PHYSICAL AGGRESSION
-direct bodily harm or harm directed at another’s possessions

Question 14

❓❓❓What are the four perspectives for explaining aggression?

Answer 14

• psychodynamic
• ethological
• biological
• social learning

Question 15

❓❓❓Describe the psychodynamic theory of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms

Answer 15

• aggression is an innate urge or force that builds up within us until it needs to be released
• research shows the opposite: viewing people be aggressive makes you more inclined to be aggressive
• freud’s theory is based on assumptions about unconscious instinctive forces and urges that are difficult to scientifically test

Question 16

❓❓❓Describe the ethological theory of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms

Answer 16

• aggression is an instinctive behaviour that helps animals adapt to and survive in their natural environment
• observation of animals lead to proposal that humans also have a ‘fighting instinct’
• based on very little empirical evidence
• limited animal research can’t be generalised to humans
• does not take socio-cultural influences into account

Question 17

❓❓❓Describe the biological perspective of explaining aggression, its research and it criticisms

Answer 17

-aggression is genetically inherited (neurological/hormonal influences)

• using mice, rats, rabbits
• twin studies
• hormones and other chemicals, such as alcohol and drugs, can also influence aggression
• mice/testosterone experiment
• most studies focus on animals
• not necessarily a cause/effect relationship between testosterone and aggression

Question 18

❓❓❓Describe the social learning perspective of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms

Answer 18

• learning by watching someone else’s behaviour and it’s consequences, and then modelling (imitating) the behaviour
• bandura bobo doll experiment
• people who regularly watch violent media are already prone to violent behaviour

Question 19

❓❓❓What are the four steps of observational learning?

Answer 19

• You must pay ATTENTION to the model’s behaviour
• you must REMEMBER what the behaviour was
• you must be able to REPLICATE the behaviour
• you must be MOTIVATED to perform the behaviour