PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2 CHAPTER 10- Pro-Social And Anti-Social Behaviour Flashcards
❓❓❓What three factors influence pro-social behaviour?
- situational factors
- social norms
- personal factors
❓❓❓What is Pro-Social behaviour?
-any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society
❓❓❓What is Social Behaviour?
-any behaviour where interaction occurs between two or more people
❓❓❓For pro-social behaviour to occur, what three situational factors are needed? (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)
- we need to notice the situation
- we need to interpret that help is needed
- we need to be prepared to take responsibility
❓❓❓What are social norms? (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)
- Define Reciprocity Norm
- Define Social Responsibility Norm
SOCIAL NORMS
-standards that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations
RECIPROCITY NORM
-we should help others who help us
E.g. Helping someone with homework because we expect them to then help us with something else
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM
-we should help people who need help, because it is our responsibility to do so
E.g.helping bushfire victims
❓❓❓Name and describe the three personal factors (Factors influencing pro-social behaviour)
EMPATHY
-people are more likely to help if they are able to identify with and understand the other person’s feelings
MOOD
-people are more likely to help if they are in a good mood
COMPETENCE
-people are more likely to help if they believe they have the ability to help
❓❓❓What is Altruism?
- pro-social behaviour focused on the wellbeing or benefit of others without giving any thought to personal gain or reward
❓❓❓Describe the Kitty Genovese case
- around 3am Kitty was attacked by a knife wielding man and stabbed repeatedly
- Kitty repeatedly screamed for help
- 38 neighbours woke up and only 1 called the police while the other 37 stood at the windows
❓❓❓What is the Bystander Effect?
- the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person when other bystanders are present or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone
- the more bystanders, the less likely to help
❓❓❓Name and describe the three factors which influence the reluctance to help
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
- the belief that, in a situation where help is needed and others are present, one or more people will or should take responsibility for helping
E.G. kitty Genovese
AUDIENCE INHIBITION
-not helping another person because of a fear of appearing foolish
E.g. Smoke filled room experiment
(participants by themselves- 50% reported smoke within 2 mins and 75% within 3 1/2 mins)
(Participants with other- 62% stayed in room)
COST-BENIFT ANALYSIS
-an individual weighs up the personal and social costs against the benefits of helping
❓❓❓What is Aggression?
-any voluntary behaviour that is intended to harm, either physically or psychologically, another person, group, animal, object etc
❓❓❓What is Anti-Social behaviour?
-any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to to the wellbeing of another person or to the functioning of a group or society
❓❓❓What is the main characteristic of aggression?
-it needs to be intentional
❓❓❓Name and describe the different types of aggression
RELATIONAL AGGRESSION
-causing psychological harm through harassment and ostracism
PHYSICAL AGGRESSION
-direct bodily harm or harm directed at another’s possessions
❓❓❓What are the four perspectives for explaining aggression?
- psychodynamic
- ethological
- biological
- social learning
❓❓❓Describe the psychodynamic theory of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms
- aggression is an innate urge or force that builds up within us until it needs to be released
- research shows the opposite: viewing people be aggressive makes you more inclined to be aggressive
- freud’s theory is based on assumptions about unconscious instinctive forces and urges that are difficult to scientifically test
❓❓❓Describe the ethological theory of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms
- aggression is an instinctive behaviour that helps animals adapt to and survive in their natural environment
- observation of animals lead to proposal that humans also have a ‘fighting instinct’
- based on very little empirical evidence
- limited animal research can’t be generalised to humans
- does not take socio-cultural influences into account
❓❓❓Describe the biological perspective of explaining aggression, its research and it criticisms
-aggression is genetically inherited (neurological/hormonal influences)
- using mice, rats, rabbits
- twin studies
- hormones and other chemicals, such as alcohol and drugs, can also influence aggression
- mice/testosterone experiment
- most studies focus on animals
- not necessarily a cause/effect relationship between testosterone and aggression
❓❓❓Describe the social learning perspective of explaining aggression, its research and its criticisms
- learning by watching someone else’s behaviour and it’s consequences, and then modelling (imitating) the behaviour
- bandura bobo doll experiment
- people who regularly watch violent media are already prone to violent behaviour
❓❓❓What are the four steps of observational learning?
- You must pay ATTENTION to the model’s behaviour
- you must REMEMBER what the behaviour was
- you must be able to REPLICATE the behaviour
- you must be MOTIVATED to perform the behaviour
