psychology unit Flashcards
Psychodynamic Theory
resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings
Sigmund Freud
believed our problems in life come from unresolved problems from childhood
psychoanalytic theory
Freud; all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood
Id
instinctual part of the mind, pleasure principle
Ego
rational part of the mind, reality principle
SuperEgo
moral centre of the mind
Denial
refusing to accept the truth of a fact
Projection
blaming someone else
Displacement
putting the blame in the wrong place
Reaction formation:
act opposite of how you really feel because your ashamed
regression
acting like a child
Rationalization:
justify what you did wrong
Sublimation:
going to a rage room
Psychosexual development:
stages that kids grow up through that’s fixed on a different part of the body that must be resolved to advance.
Oral
: placing things in the mouth, conflict; child being weaned off mothers breast, fixation: overeating
Anal
Bowel pleasure, conflict; child is potty trained, fixation: perfection
Phallic:
awareness of sexual organs, most important stage, fixation: poor relationships
Latency:
least sexual drive, same-sex friendships, fixation: lack of friends
Gential
interest in dating and marriage, fixation: poor sexual relationships
Karen Horney
founder of feminine psychology
Carl Jung
disagreed with freud, founder of analytical psychology: balancing id ego superego
Dreams
during REM sleep, We dream to:
Fulfill wishes
To remember
To forget
To keep brain working
To rehearse
To heal
To solve problems
Behavioral psychology
evidence based on observable behavior.
Innate behavior
Determined by genetics
Built in instincts
Learned behavior
Determined by experiences or environment
Based on parental influences and observations of society
Conditional learning:
stimuli that triggers behaviour
Unconditioned response
natural response to stimuli
conditioned stimulus:
originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus:
stimulus that naturally triggers a biological response
Conditioned response
: learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
a CONDITIONED RESPONSE to a newly CONDITIONED STIMULUS
Pavlov’s Dogs:
Sight of food caused dog to salivate
Pavlov rang a bell before feeding dog, eventually the sound of the bell combined with presence of food made dog salivate
The bell became a conditioned stimulus
Later the dog would salivate from just hearing the bell
operant conditioning:
B.F. Skinner uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior.
The Skinner Box
Placed rat in a cage
Rat pressed lever
Got rewarded for behaviors
Continued to press lever
Humanistic psychology:
clients should be involved in their own recovery rather than relying just on the therapist’s interpretation of the issues.
Abraham Maslow:
founder of humanistic; studied well people instead of sick people. hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of Needs
basic needs must be met first before we can consider satisfying other needs
BASIC NEEDS:
Physiological needs - basic necessities
Safety needs - security
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS:
Belongingness and love needs - intimate relationships
Esteem needs - confidence, accomplishment
SELF-FULFILLMENT NEEDS:
Self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential, find purpose
Viktor Frankl:
observed that those who survived in the concentration camps did so because they had something to hold on to/live for
Logotherapy:
made by Viktor Frankl. tries to help the patient find the meaning of their own life without the medicine
Client-centered therapy:
humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role
Cognitive psychology:
The study and application of how the brain learns.
BoBo Doll experiment:
Some children watched adults hit a doll with a ax
These Children were placed in a room to interact with the same doll
Some children behaved violently towards the doll just like the adults, and did even worse
Albert Bandura:
believes people learn behaviors by watching then imitating others
Elizabeth Loftus
Believed repressed memories rarely exist and can be created through the power of suggestion - false memories
Witness testimonies:
false memories make humans unreliable, especially claims during an investigation.
Lost-in-mall-experiment:
Participants were read stories of real events from their childhood, as well as one fake story about being lost in a mall
Most participants claimed to remember the false story from their childhood
Why are most people right handed:
they are left brain dominant
The Brain:
Left hemisphere: reasoning, number skills, taught in society
Right: hemisphere: artsy, not taught in society
Why is the left hemisphere always dominant?
Its taught more
Mental health:
maintenance of successful mental activity, cope with stress
brain disorder
Caused by genetics + environment =
Mental illness:
occurs when the brain is working in the wrong way.
Heredity:
aspects of personality and behavior that are passed down genetically.
Environment:
Many factors in your environment can have an influence on your development
Nature:
how genetics influence an individual’s personality
Nurture
how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.
Schizophrenia
A mental illness that affects that way you think, feel, and behave
causes: could be a combination of physical, genetic, psychological, and environmental factors
symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized thinking
behaviours: Difficulty with attention, memory, and organization
Stigmas: violent, out of control,
Remove the stigma: educate, be mindful, include everyone
Therapies available: cognitive therapy, psychotherapy, art therapy
OCD
experience obsessions, compulsions, or both. Experience recurring thoughts, repetitive behaviours
Causes: learned behaviors, genetics, abnormalities in the brain
Symptoms: anxiety, compulsion, intrusive thoughts
Behaviors: washing hands, checking, counting, ordering
Stigmas: crazy, violent, distrustful
Therapies: cognitive behavioural therapy, one on one therapy
