exam Flashcards
physical anthropology
Primatology
Paleoanthropology
Archaeology
Forensic Anthropology
Human Variation
Cultural Anthropology:
Ethnology
Archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology
research methods
observation, case studies, interviews, and surveys, digging for fossils, experiments, and technical analysis
Creationists
Religious explanation
Almost all religious communities have an explanation about origin of man
The Book of Genesis
All life was created by God
KEY PEOPLE: Leonardo DaVinci, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilee
began 10000 years ago
evolutionists
Developed by Charles Darwin
Humans evolved over millions of years by adapting to their environment
Evolved from apes
Creationists: Non-Fundamentalists
reject creation from the Bible
God was responsible for creation over millions of years
Interventionists
Humans are evolving because of fossil fuels
an ‘intervention’ by a super intelligent being changing the apes
KEY PEOPLE: Alfred Russell Wallace
“missing link” evolution
Carolus Linnaeus:
First person to classify species
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection: all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors. forced to evolve or go extinct. voyage of the Beagle.
Gregor Mendel:
tweaked natural selection with genetics
Variation
forms vary genetically
Inheritance
Genetic traits are inherited from parents
Paleoanthropology
Study of human ancestors based on evidence from evolutionary past
Lucy
Donald Johanson found a skeleton in Ethiopia that was 40% complete.
Australopithecus afarensis
Earliest confirmation of hyoid bone
bipedalism
Darwins theory
Humans first evolved in Africa
Louis & Mary Leakey found a skull dating back to Kenya with Radiometric Dating
Primatology
Study of the behaviour, biology, evolution, and culture of non-human primates
Differences between humans and other primates
chimps:
- large teeth
- hairy
- long arms short legs
- big feet
humans:
- compex language
- larger skull
- bipedal
- technological advancements
Dian Fossey
Leakey hired her and she went to Rwanda to study gorillas
imitated gorillas
identified gorillas by their nose prints
Discovered:
highly social with personalities and family
Jane Goodall
Leaky took on Goodall as an assistant,
she did a study on chimpanzees in Tanzania
discovered:
eat meat
have emotions
make tools
Birute Galdikas
Convinced Leakey to do a study on orangutans
Discovered:
females have offspring every 8 years
researched birth cycles
orangatangs sleep in nests
concept that non-humans can have a culture
Natural Selection
Variation - every species has a lot of variety within it
Heritability - individuals pass on traits to their offspring
Environmental fitness - individuals who are better adapted to their environment will pass on their traits
race
to try to organize or understand differences between people.
Differences based on Geography
traits develop to help individuals survive and reproduce in a particular environment
ex: sickle cell anemia
study through blood type
Forensic Anthropology
study the bones and bodies to figure out who the person was, how they died, when they died
Neanderthals
- lived all over Europe
- adapted to cold environments
- larger brains, muscles, large teeth,
- made stone tools and lived in caves
ethnocentrism
: free of assumptions of other cultures
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Franz Boaz
Everyone sees other cultures through the lens of their own culture
cannot compare two cultures because each culture has its own rules
functionalism
how all structures or institutions in society work together to meet the needs of individuals
- People have ROLES to play that balance that equilibrium
- social change can disrupt the balance of society
- equilibrium is between norms and roles
Margaret Mead
study of Samoan adolescent girls examining whether stresses during adolescence were caused by adolescence itself or by society
CULTURAL MATERIALISM
states that material or conditions within the environment influence how a culture develops, creating the ideas and ideology of a culture
FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY
Compared culture to see how many were dominated by men, how many were dominated by women, and how many were egalitarian
POSTMODERNISM
The belief that it is impossible to have any true knowledge about the world
RITE OF PASSAGE
a ceremony, ritual, or event that marks an individual’s passage from one stage of life to another.
1. SEGREGATION
2. TRANSITION
3. INCORPORATION
marriage, puberty
Kinship
connections and relationships between people who are related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption.
matrilineal
patrilineal
Bilineal
lineage
ll the male relatives in a family that can be traced back
clan
group of several lineages
PSYCHODYNAMICS
resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings
BEHAVIOURAL
evidence based on observable behavior.
COGNITIVE
study and application of how the brain learns.
HUMANIST
clients should be involved in their own recovery rather than relying just on the therapist’s interpretation of the issues.
Sigmund Freud
believed our problems in life come from unresolved problems from childhood
the unconscious mind
id - pleasure principle
ego - reality principle
superego - moral principle
Psychosexual development:
stages that kids grow up through that’s fixed on a different part of the body that must be resolved to advance.
Oral
: placing things in the mouth, conflict; child being weaned off mothers breast, fixation: overeating
Phallic:
awareness of sexual organs, most important stage, fixation: poor relationships
Latency:
least sexual drive, same-sex friendships, fixation: lack of friends
Anal
Bowel pleasure, conflict; child is potty trained, fixation: perfection
Gential
interest in dating and marriage, fixation: poor sexual relationships
Karen Horney
founder of feminine psychology
Carl Jung
disagreed with freud, founder of analytical psychology
Abraham Maslow:
founder of humanistic; studied well people instead of sick people. hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of Needs
basic needs must be met first before we can consider satisfying other needs
BASIC NEEDS:
Physiological needs - basic necessities
Safety needs - security
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS:
Belongingness and love needs - intimate relationships
Esteem needs - confidence, accomplishment
SELF-FULFILLMENT NEEDS:
Self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential, find purpose
Lost-in-mall-experiment:
Participants were read stories of real events from their childhood, as well as one fake story about being lost in a mall
Most participants claimed to remember the false story from their childhood
Elizabeth Loftus
Believed repressed memories rarely exist and can be created through the power of suggestion - false memories
BoBo Doll experiment:
Some children watched adults hit a doll with a ax
These Children were placed in a room to interact with the same doll
Some children behaved violently towards the doll just like the adults, and did even worse
Viktor Frankl:
observed that those who survived in the concentration camps did so because they had something to hold on to/live for. made logotherapy
Albert Bandura:
believes people learn behaviors by watching then imitating others
Pavlov’s Dogs:
Sight of food caused dog to salivate
Pavlov rang a bell before feeding dog, eventually the sound of the bell combined with presence of food made dog salivate
The bell became a conditioned stimulus
Later the dog would salivate from just hearing the bell
operant conditioning:
B.F. Skinner uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior.
The Skinner Box
Placed rat in a cage
Rat pressed lever
Got rewarded for behaviours
Continued to press lever
Erikson’s theory
argued that an individual’s identity emerges and matures as the person works through and resolves dilemmas at each stage in their life.
Dreams
during REM sleep, We dream to:
Fulfill wishes
To remember
To forget
To keep brain working
To rehearse
To heal
To solve problems
Client-centered therapy:
humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role
Nature
refers to how genetics influence an individual’s personality
Nurture
refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.
Heredity
Certain diseases and illnesses can be genetic and ultimately passed down from generation to generation.
Environment
Many factors in your environment can have an influence on your development and pressures genetics
Ex. family, friends, peers, socio-economic status
Mental health
maintenance of successful mental activity.
signs of mental disorders
eating and sleeping changes
mood swings
difficulty coping
anxiety
causes of mental health problems
Trauma
Biological/Physical Health
Social Determinants of Health: (income, education)
mental illness
occur when the brain is not working well.
start in childhood
ADHD
Austism
symptoms:
problems focusing
extreme mood swings
sleep problems
brain disorder
genetics + enviroment
OCD
experience obsessions, compulsions. Experience recurring thoughts
primary socialization
done by family
meeting an individual’s basic needs
providing skills needed to survive
agents of socialization
primary: family
secondary: school, friends
secondary socialization
non-family people
schools: socialize individuals through a hidden curriculum
workplaces: teaches the individual how to behave in certain situations and work with others.
peer groups:creates the opportunity to learn such skills as communication, collaboration, and compromise.
media: influential in a child’s socialization
religion: moral codes and often a set of standards
anthropologist questions
What does it mean to be human?
How did people live?
How have humans adapted to their environments?
What do certain cultures believe to be true?
Psychological questions
If the mind and the brain are not the same thing but somehow related, how do you study what you cannot see?
What role does biology (nature) and environment (nurture) play in complex human behaviour?
How does the mind develop and change over time?
Anticipatory Socialization
learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations.
Resocialization
process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour.
Abnormal Socialization
Child Abuse
Feral children
Isolated Children; Genie Wiley
co-corring Disorder
mental health issue and substance abuse
Natural selection
Individuals pass on traits with variety within it which is heritable. Those who are fit are better adapted to their environment and will survive and reproduce passing on these advantageous traits.
behaviourism
- psychologists need eviednce to understand and change human behaviour.
- based on nature vs nurture
- innate behaviour: determined by genetics
- learned behaviours: determined by environment
Conditional/classical Learning
a conditioned stimuli is paired with an unconditioned stimuli to produce a conditioned response
- Pavlovs dogs
operant conditioning
made by B.F Skinner and the SKINNER BOX.
- using positive and negative reinforcement to get a desired behaviour.
