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SAP 11 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

physical anthropology

A

Primatology
Paleoanthropology
Archaeology
Forensic Anthropology
Human Variation

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2
Q

Cultural Anthropology:

A

Ethnology
Archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology

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2
Q

research methods

A

observation, case studies, interviews, and surveys, digging for fossils, experiments, and technical analysis

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2
Q

Creationists

A

Religious explanation
Almost all religious communities have an explanation about origin of man
The Book of Genesis
All life was created by God
KEY PEOPLE: Leonardo DaVinci, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilee
began 10000 years ago

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3
Q

evolutionists

A

Developed by Charles Darwin
Humans evolved over millions of years by adapting to their environment
Evolved from apes

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3
Q

Creationists: Non-Fundamentalists

A

reject creation from the Bible
God was responsible for creation over millions of years

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4
Q

Interventionists

A

Humans are evolving because of fossil fuels
an ‘intervention’ by a super intelligent being changing the apes
KEY PEOPLE: Alfred Russell Wallace
“missing link” evolution

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5
Q

Carolus Linnaeus:

A

First person to classify species

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6
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural Selection: all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors. forced to evolve or go extinct. voyage of the Beagle.

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7
Q

Gregor Mendel:

A

tweaked natural selection with genetics

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8
Q

Variation

A

forms vary genetically

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9
Q

Inheritance

A

Genetic traits are inherited from parents

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9
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Study of human ancestors based on evidence from evolutionary past

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10
Q

Lucy

A

Donald Johanson found a skeleton in Ethiopia that was 40% complete.
Australopithecus afarensis
Earliest confirmation of hyoid bone
bipedalism

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11
Q

Darwins theory

A

Humans first evolved in Africa
Louis & Mary Leakey found a skull dating back to Kenya with Radiometric Dating

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12
Q

Primatology

A

Study of the behaviour, biology, evolution, and culture of non-human primates

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13
Q

Differences between humans and other primates

A

chimps:
- large teeth
- hairy
- long arms short legs
- big feet
humans:
- compex language
- larger skull
- bipedal
- technological advancements

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14
Q

Dian Fossey

A

Leakey hired her and she went to Rwanda to study gorillas
imitated gorillas
identified gorillas by their nose prints
Discovered:
highly social with personalities and family

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15
Q

Jane Goodall

A

Leaky took on Goodall as an assistant,
she did a study on chimpanzees in Tanzania
discovered:
eat meat
have emotions
make tools

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16
Q

Birute Galdikas

A

Convinced Leakey to do a study on orangutans
Discovered:
females have offspring every 8 years
researched birth cycles
orangatangs sleep in nests
concept that non-humans can have a culture

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17
Q

Natural Selection

A

Variation - every species has a lot of variety within it
Heritability - individuals pass on traits to their offspring
Environmental fitness - individuals who are better adapted to their environment will pass on their traits

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18
Q

race

A

to try to organize or understand differences between people.

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19
Q

Differences based on Geography

A

traits develop to help individuals survive and reproduce in a particular environment
ex: sickle cell anemia
study through blood type

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20
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

study the bones and bodies to figure out who the person was, how they died, when they died

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21
Q

Neanderthals

A
  • lived all over Europe
  • adapted to cold environments
  • larger brains, muscles, large teeth,
  • made stone tools and lived in caves
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22
Q

ethnocentrism

A

: free of assumptions of other cultures

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23
Q

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

A

Franz Boaz
Everyone sees other cultures through the lens of their own culture
cannot compare two cultures because each culture has its own rules

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24
Q

functionalism

A

how all structures or institutions in society work together to meet the needs of individuals
- People have ROLES to play that balance that equilibrium
- social change can disrupt the balance of society
- equilibrium is between norms and roles

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25
Q

Margaret Mead

A

study of Samoan adolescent girls examining whether stresses during adolescence were caused by adolescence itself or by society

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26
Q

CULTURAL MATERIALISM

A

states that material or conditions within the environment influence how a culture develops, creating the ideas and ideology of a culture

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27
Q

FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY

A

Compared culture to see how many were dominated by men, how many were dominated by women, and how many were egalitarian

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28
Q

POSTMODERNISM

A

The belief that it is impossible to have any true knowledge about the world

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29
Q

RITE OF PASSAGE

A

a ceremony, ritual, or event that marks an individual’s passage from one stage of life to another.
1. SEGREGATION
2. TRANSITION
3. INCORPORATION
marriage, puberty

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30
Q

Kinship

A

connections and relationships between people who are related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption.
matrilineal
patrilineal
Bilineal

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31
Q

lineage

A

ll the male relatives in a family that can be traced back

32
Q

clan

A

group of several lineages

33
Q

PSYCHODYNAMICS

A

resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings

34
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

A

evidence based on observable behavior.

35
Q

COGNITIVE

A

study and application of how the brain learns.

36
Q

HUMANIST

A

clients should be involved in their own recovery rather than relying just on the therapist’s interpretation of the issues.

37
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

believed our problems in life come from unresolved problems from childhood

38
Q

the unconscious mind

A

id - pleasure principle
ego - reality principle
superego - moral principle

39
Q

Psychosexual development:

A

stages that kids grow up through that’s fixed on a different part of the body that must be resolved to advance.

39
Q

Oral

A

: placing things in the mouth, conflict; child being weaned off mothers breast, fixation: overeating

39
Q

Phallic:

A

awareness of sexual organs, most important stage, fixation: poor relationships

40
Q

Latency:

A

least sexual drive, same-sex friendships, fixation: lack of friends

40
Q

Anal

A

Bowel pleasure, conflict; child is potty trained, fixation: perfection

41
Q

Gential

A

interest in dating and marriage, fixation: poor sexual relationships

42
Q

Karen Horney

A

founder of feminine psychology

43
Q

Carl Jung

A

disagreed with freud, founder of analytical psychology

44
Q

Abraham Maslow:

A

founder of humanistic; studied well people instead of sick people. hierarchy of needs

45
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

basic needs must be met first before we can consider satisfying other needs
BASIC NEEDS:
Physiological needs - basic necessities
Safety needs - security
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS:
Belongingness and love needs - intimate relationships
Esteem needs - confidence, accomplishment
SELF-FULFILLMENT NEEDS:
Self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential, find purpose

45
Q

Lost-in-mall-experiment:

A

Participants were read stories of real events from their childhood, as well as one fake story about being lost in a mall
Most participants claimed to remember the false story from their childhood

46
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Believed repressed memories rarely exist and can be created through the power of suggestion - false memories

47
Q

BoBo Doll experiment:

A

Some children watched adults hit a doll with a ax
These Children were placed in a room to interact with the same doll
Some children behaved violently towards the doll just like the adults, and did even worse

47
Q

Viktor Frankl:

A

observed that those who survived in the concentration camps did so because they had something to hold on to/live for. made logotherapy

47
Q

Albert Bandura:

A

believes people learn behaviors by watching then imitating others

48
Q

Pavlov’s Dogs:

A

Sight of food caused dog to salivate
Pavlov rang a bell before feeding dog, eventually the sound of the bell combined with presence of food made dog salivate
The bell became a conditioned stimulus
Later the dog would salivate from just hearing the bell

49
Q

operant conditioning:

A

B.F. Skinner uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior.

50
Q

The Skinner Box

A

Placed rat in a cage
Rat pressed lever
Got rewarded for behaviours
Continued to press lever

51
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

argued that an individual’s identity emerges and matures as the person works through and resolves dilemmas at each stage in their life.

52
Q

Dreams

A

during REM sleep, We dream to:
Fulfill wishes
To remember
To forget
To keep brain working
To rehearse
To heal
To solve problems

53
Q

Client-centered therapy:

A

humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role

54
Q

Nature

A

refers to how genetics influence an individual’s personality

55
Q

Nurture

A

refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.

56
Q

Heredity

A

Certain diseases and illnesses can be genetic and ultimately passed down from generation to generation.

57
Q

Environment

A

Many factors in your environment can have an influence on your development and pressures genetics
Ex. family, friends, peers, socio-economic status

58
Q

Mental health

A

maintenance of successful mental activity.

59
Q

signs of mental disorders

A

eating and sleeping changes
mood swings
difficulty coping
anxiety

60
Q

causes of mental health problems

A

Trauma
Biological/Physical Health
Social Determinants of Health: (income, education)

61
Q

mental illness

A

occur when the brain is not working well.
start in childhood
ADHD
Austism
symptoms:
problems focusing
extreme mood swings
sleep problems

62
Q

brain disorder

A

genetics + enviroment

63
Q

OCD

A

experience obsessions, compulsions. Experience recurring thoughts

64
Q

primary socialization

A

done by family
meeting an individual’s basic needs
providing skills needed to survive

64
Q

agents of socialization

A

primary: family
secondary: school, friends

65
Q

secondary socialization

A

non-family people
schools: socialize individuals through a hidden curriculum
workplaces: teaches the individual how to behave in certain situations and work with others.
peer groups:creates the opportunity to learn such skills as communication, collaboration, and compromise.
media: influential in a child’s socialization
religion: moral codes and often a set of standards

66
Q

anthropologist questions

A

What does it mean to be human?
How did people live?
How have humans adapted to their environments?
What do certain cultures believe to be true?

67
Q

Psychological questions

A

If the mind and the brain are not the same thing but somehow related, how do you study what you cannot see?
What role does biology (nature) and environment (nurture) play in complex human behaviour?
How does the mind develop and change over time?

68
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations.

69
Q

Resocialization

A

process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour.

70
Q

Abnormal Socialization

A

Child Abuse
Feral children
Isolated Children; Genie Wiley

71
Q

co-corring Disorder

A

mental health issue and substance abuse

72
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals pass on traits with variety within it which is heritable. Those who are fit are better adapted to their environment and will survive and reproduce passing on these advantageous traits.

73
Q

behaviourism

A
  • psychologists need eviednce to understand and change human behaviour.
  • based on nature vs nurture
  • innate behaviour: determined by genetics
  • learned behaviours: determined by environment
74
Q

Conditional/classical Learning

A

a conditioned stimuli is paired with an unconditioned stimuli to produce a conditioned response
- Pavlovs dogs

75
Q

operant conditioning

A

made by B.F Skinner and the SKINNER BOX.
- using positive and negative reinforcement to get a desired behaviour.

SAP 11 (6 decks)

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