Psychology: the learning basis for behaviors

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction( ex: lightning; covering ears cuz we know thunder will follow)

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Changing behavior choices in response to consequences

Question 3

When stimulus is presented

Question 4

Cognitive learning

Answer 4

acquiring new behaviors and information mentally through observation and information

Question 5

How does cognitive learning occur

Answer 5

-by observing events and the behaviors of others
-by using language to acquire info about events experienced by others

Question 6

Who was the term behaviorism used by

Answer 6

-John B Watson(1878-1958), a proponent of classical conditioning
-B.F. Skinner(1904-1990), a leader in research about operant conditioning

Question 7

What did both BF Skinner and John B Watson believe in

Answer 7

That the mental life was much less important than behavior as a foundation for psychological science
-both forecasted that these techniques would be used in controlling human behavior

Question 8

What is Ivan Pavlov’s discovery

Answer 8

while studying salivation in dogs, Ivan found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should have been neutral stimuli

Question 9

What are examples of neutral stimuli in correlation to Ivan pavlov

Answer 9

-just seeing the food
-seeing the dish
-seeing the person who brings the food
-just hearing that person’s footsteps

Question 10

Types of learning

Answer 10

before conditioning, unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response, during conditioning

Question 11

Before conditioning

Answer 11

Neutral stimulus(NS) and no response(NR)

Question 12

Neutral stimulus

Answer 12

stimulus that does not trigger a response(ex: belling ringing=no response or light turning on=no response)

Question 13

Unconditioned stimulus(UC) and unconditioned response(UR)

Answer 13

Stimulus that triggers a response naturally before/without any conditioning

Question 14

Example of Unconditioned stimulus(UC) and unconditioned response(UR)

Answer 14

US: yummy dog food, UR: dog salivates

Question 15

During conditioning

Answer 15

EX: the bell/tone(NS) is repeatedly presented with the food(US)

Question 16

Result of during conditioning example

Answer 16

Neutral stimulus(bell ringing) + unconditioned response(food) = Unconditioned response(dog salivating)

Question 17

After conditioning

Answer 17

Dog begins to salivate upon hearing the tone. So NS becomes the CS resulting in a CR(dog salivating). Now that dog is conditioned when bell rings, dog salivates

Question 18

UR and CR similarities and differences

Answer 18

-similarity: Are the same response, triggered by diff events
-difference: Whether conditioning was necessary for response to happen

Question 19

Usual order of stimuli in situations

Answer 19

US, UR, NS, CS, CR

Question 20

Acquisition

Answer 20

refers to first stage of learning and conditioning

Question 21

What gets acquired

Answer 21

the association between a neutral stimulus( a bell) and an unconditioned stimulus(food)

Question 22

How can we tell if an association has happened

Answer 22

the UR now gets triggered by CS and the drooling

Question 23

Timing for association to be strong

Answer 23

The NS(ex: bell ringing) needs to repeatedly happen before the US. Should be a half-second before. Bell(NS)must come right before the food(US)

Question 24

Acquisition with timing

Answer 24

Strength of a CR grows with conditioning

Question 25

Extinction

Answer 25

-refers to lessening of a conditioned response
-If US(food) stops appearing with CS(bell) the CR decreases

Question 26

insights abt conditioning: where does conditioning occur

Answer 26

in all creatures

Question 27

Insights abt conditioning: What is conditioning related to

Answer 27

biological drives and responses

Question 28

Insights about science: How can learning be studied objectively

Answer 28

by quantifying(measuring) actions, and isolating elements of behavior

Question 29

Insights from specific applications

Answer 29

Substance abuse involves conditioned triggers, and these triggers( certain places, events) can be avoided or associated with new responses