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Psychology Test One Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of psychology?

A

the scientific investigation of mental processes emotions and behavior that lies at the intersection of biology and culture

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2
Q

what is the definition of biopsychology

A

seeks to understand mental processes, emotions, and behavior by studying electrical and chemical activity of the nervous system

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3
Q

what is localization of a function

A

different part of the brain control different aspects of functioning

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4
Q

what is an example of localization of function, who was involved

A

prefrontal cortex, phineas gage had damage to his prefrontal cortex causing his behavior and social skill to change

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5
Q

what is the definition of culture

A

the influence of membership in a larger group ( ex a nation)

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6
Q

what is a cultural anthropologist

A

they observe people in other cultures in their natural settings

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7
Q

what is a cross cultural psychologist

A

they test psychological hypothesis in different cultures

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8
Q

what questions did psychologist inherit from philosophy

A

nature vs nurture
rationalism vs empiricism
mental vs physical

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9
Q

what is the question of nature vs nurture

A

to what extent are psychological processes a function of biological processes or environmental

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10
Q

what is the question of rationalism vs empiricism

A

does knowledge about the world come from logic and reasoning or from experience and observation

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11
Q

what is the question of mental vs physical, what is it called

A

do mental and physical events interact called the mind body problem

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12
Q

who is wihelm wundt and what did he do

A

he is the father of psychology and created the first psychological lab in leipzig germany in 1879. he also used a method called introspection

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13
Q

what is introspection

A

the process of looking inward and reporting ones conscious experience

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14
Q

what did wihelm wundt us introspection to do

A

study the structure of consciousness

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15
Q

who is edward titchner

A

student of wihelm wundt, developed school of thought called structuralism

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16
Q

what is structuralism

A

it used introspection to uncover the basic elements ( structure) of consciousness

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17
Q

who is william james

A

he wrote the first textbook called the principle of psychology in 1890 and studied the thought of functionalism

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18
Q

what is functionalism

A
  • a school of thought brought up by darwinism
  • argued that psychology processes are functional meaning they serve a purpose
  • explained that psychology processes in terms of role or functions of helping an individual adapt to the environment
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19
Q

who is thomas kuhn

A

an american philosopher who studied the history of science

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20
Q

what normal science

A

research firmly based upon one or more scientific achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as the supplying foundation for its further practice

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21
Q

what is paradigm

A

the theoretical framework of normal science the scientist use to interpret or make sense of their disciple

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22
Q

what a paradigm shift

A

a paradigm shift is possible when scientists continue to encounter an anomaly that cannot be explained by the current paradigm

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23
Q

how is scientific revolution accomplished

A

Rejection of the older paradigm along with acceptance of the new theory signifies a scientific revolution

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24
Q

what are the four perspective in psychology

A

psychodynamic

behaviorist, cognitive and evolutionary

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25
Q

who developed psychodynamic theory

A

sigmund freud

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26
Q

what metaphor is applied to psychodynamic perspective
methods?
data?

A
  • awareness is like an iceberg, the small portion is conscious, the larger portion is unconscious
  • case study is the method used
  • clinical observations is used to collect data (ex dream analyses
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27
Q

what are the three major criticisms of psychodynamic theory

A
  • failure to be scientifically grounded
  • violation of the falsifiablity criterion ( the ability for a theory to be proven wrong as a means of advancing
  • reliance on retrospective
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28
Q

what the behaviorist perspective

A

their view is that we acquire and maintain our behaviors as a result of learning

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29
Q

what is the metaphor associated with behaviorist perspective
method?
data?

A
  • humans and animals are like machines
  • experimental method (create a lab situation to test a hypothesis about how a certain environmental events will affect behavior
  • quantitative empirical data such as rats running through a maze
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30
Q

who did behaviorist perspective begin with

A

it began with ivan pavolv and was popularized by john watson and B.F Skinner

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31
Q

what are the three premises of psychodynamic perspective

A
  • behavior is determined by a dynamic interplay between thoughts feelings and wishes
  • most mental events are unconscious
  • mental processes may conflict with one another
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32
Q

what was the dominant perspective between 1920s and mid 1960s

A

behaviorism

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33
Q

what are the three premises of behaviorist

A
  • environmentalism : all organisms including humans are shaped by the environment
  • experimentalism; experiments can reveal what aspects of the environment causes behavior
  • optimism: people can be changed
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34
Q

what is cognitive perspective

A

it focuses on how people perceive process and retrieve information through thought and memory

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35
Q

what is the metaphor for cognitive perspective
method?
data?

A
  • the mind is like a computer
  • experimental data is used
  • quantitative empirical data
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36
Q

how is the mind like a computer

A

the environment inputs which are transformed stored and retrieved using various mental programs leading to specific response outputs

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37
Q

what is evolutionary perspective

A

human behaviors must be understood in terms of their evolutionary and adaptive significance
-mental processes and behaviors evolved because they helped our ancestors survive and reproduce

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38
Q

what is the metaphor for evolutionary perspective
method?
data?

A
  • we are all runners in a race competing for survival sexual partners and resources
  • mostly deductive
  • start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles
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39
Q

what is natural selection

A

natural forces select adaptive traits in organisms that help them adjust to survive in their and that are likely to be passed on to their offspring

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40
Q

what is inclusive fitness

A

natural selection favors organisms that maximize their own reproductive success plus that of genetically close relatives

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41
Q

What are the four characteristics of psychological research

A

theoretical framework, standardized procedures, generalizability, and objective measurement

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42
Q

what is a theory

A

a systematic way of organization and explaining observation

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43
Q

variable

A

a phenomenon that changes across situation or varies among individuals

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44
Q

what is a continuous variable

A

it can theoretically assume and infinite number of values

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45
Q

what is categorical variable

A

can assume only a finite number of values

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46
Q

what is standardized procedure

A

expose the participants in the study to procedures that are as similar as possible

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47
Q

what is representative sampling

A

a person is a representative of a population of a whole so that conclusions drawn from the sample are true of the population as a whole

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48
Q

what is internal validity

A

it is the extent to which a study methodologically sound

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49
Q

what is external validity

A

it is the extent to which a studys findings can be generalized to situations outside the lab

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50
Q

what is experimenter dilemma

A

a trade off in which researchers must choose to place more emphasis on external validity or external validity

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51
Q

what is a construct

A

abstract variable we want to measure such as health

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52
Q

what is a measure

A

an objective way of assessing an abstract construct

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53
Q

what is reliability

A

a measures ability to produce consistent results

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54
Q

what is validity

A

a measures ability to assess the variable to interest accurately

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55
Q

what are the three techniques to determine reliability

A

test -retest
internal consistency
inter rate

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56
Q

what is test- retest

A

consistency across time ( does the same test taken several time produce similar results )

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57
Q

what is internal consistency

A

consistency across items ( different items that measure the same variable on a test should produce similar results )

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58
Q

what is inter rater

A

consistency across people

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59
Q

what are the three types of validity

A

face validity , construct validity, and criterion validity

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60
Q

what is face validity

A

whether or not the test appears, just by looking at it as though it assess what it claims to assess

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61
Q

what is construct validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure

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62
Q

how is construct validity determined, what do they mean

A

convergent- strong correlations with related measure

discriminant - low correlations with unrelated measure

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63
Q

what is criterion validity

A

the degree to which a test allows a researcher to distinguish among groups

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64
Q

what is descriptive research

A

it seeks to describe phenomena as they exist rather than manipulate variables

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65
Q

what are the 3 methods of descriptive research

A

case study, naturalistic observation, survey research

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66
Q

what is a case study

A

an in depth observation of the behavior of one person ( or a small group)

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67
Q

what 2 situations are case studies mostly used in

A

interpretive research

and when large numbers of participants are not available

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68
Q

what are the four limitations of a case study

A
  • small sample size (limits generalizability)
  • study may not be repeatable
  • susceptibility to researcher bias
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69
Q

what are the four limitations of a case study

A
  • small sample size (limits generalizability)
  • study may not be repeatable
  • susceptibility to researcher bias
  • cannot establish causation
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70
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

an indepth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting g

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71
Q

what are the 5 limitations of naturalistic observation

A
  • may limit generalizability to the population
  • study may not be replicable
  • observation may alter natural behavior (observer effects)
  • susceptibility to researcher bias
  • cannot establish causation
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72
Q

what is survey research

A

asks questions of a large random sample of people about their attitudes or behaviors using interviews or questionnaires

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73
Q

what is the 2 limitations of survey research

A
  • self report bias: people may not respond truthfully to the questions
  • cannot establish causation
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74
Q

what is the descriptive statistics for central tendency

A

mean, median and mode

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75
Q

in a skewed distribution where is the mean median and mode

A

the mean is closest to the tail
the median is in the middle
and the mode is at the hump

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76
Q

what is standard deviation

A

the amount the average participant deviates from the mean of the sample

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77
Q

what is skewness

A

the degree of symmetry for the right and left sides of the curve

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78
Q

what is a disadvantage of the mean

A

outliers

79
Q

what is kurtosis and what types are there

A

it is the peakedness of the distribution

, there is leptokurtic and platykurtic

80
Q

leptokurtic is _____ peaked than normal distribution

A

more

81
Q

platykurtic is ______ than normal distribution

A

flatter

82
Q

true or false: can correlation imply causation

A

false

83
Q

what is correlational research

A

it determines the degree to which two variables are co - related

84
Q

what does a scatterplot do

A

it visually represents the relationship between two variables

85
Q

what is the x value on a scatter plot

A

the predictor

86
Q

what is the y value on a scatter plot

A

the criterion

87
Q

what is the correlation coefficient (r)

A

a statistic the summarizes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

88
Q

what values does (r) range from, what do they mean

A
  • it ranges from 1.0 to -1.0
  • the closer to 1.o the stronger the relationship
  • the closer to 0 the weaker the relationship
89
Q

what does a positive correlation mean

A

high values of x are associated with high values of y

90
Q

what does a negative correlation mean

A

high values of x are associated with low values of y

91
Q

in psychological research what is considered a meaningful correlation
a strong correlation?

A

.3 is considered a meaningful correlation while .5 is considered a strong correlation

92
Q

what is the yerkes- dawson law

A

if there is some degree of nonlinearity between x and y then (r) will underestimate the true degree of the relationship meaning (r) will be closer to 0

93
Q

what is experimental research

A

experimenters manipulate some aspect of a situation and measure the impact of the manipulation on the way the participants respond

94
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the thing being manipulated by the experimenter

95
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

the response the experimenter measures to see if the experimental manipulation had an effect

96
Q

what are the six steps for experimental research

A
  1. framing a hypothesis
  2. operationalizing variables
  3. developing a standardized procedure
  4. selecting and assigning participants
  5. applying statistical techniques
  6. drawing conclusions
97
Q

What is framing a hypothesis

A

An experiment must frame a hypothesis that predicts the relationship between two or more variables

98
Q

What is an example of framing a hypothesis

A

Gerald Vogel observed that deprivation of REM sleep relieves symptoms of depression

99
Q

What is operationalizing

A

Defining how an abstract construct will be measured

100
Q

What is development of a standardized procedure, how are the groups split

A

The independent variable and the participants performance on the dependent variable are all that should vary
-groups are usually split into experimental and control groups

101
Q

What is an experimental group

A

The experimental group experiences the experimental manipulation ( they are the independent variable)

102
Q

What is the control group

A

Consist of a neutral condition instead of the independent variable

103
Q

What is a single blind study

A

Participants are blind to crucial information (ex the condition they are being exposed to

104
Q

What is a double blind study

A

The participants and researchers are blind to who has been exposed to which experimental condition

105
Q

What is the placebo affect

A

An experimental intervention produces an effect because the participants will believe they will produce an effect

106
Q

What does it mean for a participant to be representative

A

The participant must be representative of the population as a whole

107
Q

Why is random assignment essential

A

It is essential is for internal validity as it minimizes the chance that participants in different groups differ in a systematic way

108
Q

What happens when there is a confounding variable

A

It could produce effects that are confused with the effects of the independent variable

109
Q

What is inferential statistics

A

Draw conclusions ( inferences ) about cause and effect

110
Q

What two steps does analyzing experimental data involve

A
  1. Descriptive statistics

2. Inferential statistics

111
Q

What is the p value

A

The probability that the results are due to chance

112
Q

What is quasi-experimental studies

A

Shares the logic of the experimental method but there is no random assignment to groups and no manipulation of an independent variable

113
Q

What are the 7 ways to evaluate a study critically

A
  1. assess the study’s theoretical framework
  2. Asses the adequacy and appropriateness of the sample
  3. assess the adequacy of measure and procedures
  4. Examine the data
  5. Examine the conclusions drawn by investigators
  6. consider the meaningfulness of the study
  7. Evaluate the ethics of the study
114
Q

What happened in zimbardos prison experiment

A

He assigned some kids as prisoners and some as guards, the behaviors of those involved changed, the prisoners actually began to think they were prisoners. The ethics were off

115
Q

What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

116
Q

What are dendrites

A

They receive information from other neurons

117
Q

What does the cell body contain

A

It contains the the nucleus; it processes information from other neurons

118
Q

What is an axon

A

A long extension from the cell body that transmits info to other neurons

119
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

Insulates the axon and speeds up conduction of action potentials

120
Q

What are the terminal buttons

A

They release neurotransmitters

121
Q

What is the synapse

A

The space between neurons

122
Q

What are the three classes of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons ( pass information between sensory and motor neurons in the central nervous system

123
Q

What is sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmits info from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain in the central nervous system

124
Q

What is the motor (efferent )

A

Transmit commands from the central nervous system to the muscles organs and glands

125
Q

What is the membrane

A

The most crucial factor in the neurons ability to communicate

126
Q

What allows limited passage through the membrane

A

Protein channels

127
Q

When the neuron is at resting potential are the Na+ gate channels opened are close

A

Closed

128
Q

Sodium ions are returned to the extracellular fluid by what

A

Sodium- potassium pump

129
Q

What is the mV of a neuron at resting potential

A

-70 mV

130
Q

What is a graded potential

A

Stimulation of a neuron opens ion channels in its membrane, causing and spreading voltage changes
- goes to -50 mV

131
Q

An influx of sodium ions does what

A

Depolarizes the membrane, which excites it making it more likely to fire

132
Q

And efflux of potassium ions causes what

A

Hyper polarization of the membrane making it least likely to fire

133
Q

What mV does the neuron reach during an action potential

A

+40 mV

134
Q

Can an action potential happen if it doesn’t reach a mV of -50 mV, how is this different that a graded potential

A

No, graded potentials have the ability to accumulate unlike action potential that are all or nothing

135
Q

How does an action potential reach +40 mV

A

Na+ flows in which depolarizes the membrane

136
Q

Where do potentials occur

A

In the axon hillocks

137
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters

A

They depolarize the membrane making an action potential more likely

138
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

They hyperpolarize the membrane causing the action potential to be least likely

139
Q

What does postsynaptic receptor binding do

A

Opens or close channels

140
Q

What happens to postsynaptic receptors that are not blinded to neurotransmitters

A

They are deactivated by

  1. Degradation by enzymes
  2. Reuptook into the presynaptic neuron
141
Q

What does GABA do

A

Inhibits brain neurons, it is involved in the regulation of anxiety

142
Q

What does glutamate do

A

It’s excitatory; its involved in learning and can be neurotoxic

143
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do

A

Regulates psychological and emotional arousal, behavior and mood such as anxiety and depression

144
Q

What does endorphins do

A

It’s mood elevating, sleep inducing and pain relieving

145
Q

Where is dopamine produced

A

In the substantia Nigra of the midbrain

146
Q

What does dopamine do

A

Regulates emotional Arousal, attention, movement and pleasure and reward

147
Q

What does serotonin do

A

Regulates pain, sleep,aggression, emotional arousal and mood

148
Q

What does acetylcholine do

A

Involved in muscle contractions and memory

149
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A

Peripheral and the central nervous system

150
Q

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

151
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do

A

Involved with intentional actions, transmits sensory signals to the central nervous system via afferent neurons, carries motor commands away from the cns via efferent neurons to the skeletal muscles

152
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do, what is it two divisions

A
  • conveys info to and from our internal bodily structures that Carry out our basic life process
  • sympathetic “fight or flight system”
  • parasympathetic “rest and digest system”
153
Q

What does EEG do

A

Records voltage fluctuations emerging from the brain between sites on the scalp and a neutral reference

154
Q

What is neuroimaging

A

It uses computer programs to convert data from scanning devices into visual images of the brain

155
Q

What types of neuroimaging is there’s an what do they do

A
  • CT : produces static pictures of the brain structures
  • PET : uses radioactive glucose to map brain regions for high and low activity
  • fMRI : uses strong magnets to tell us about brain function as a person preforms a psychological task
156
Q

What is grey matter

A

Cell bodies

157
Q

What is white bodies

A

Myelin

158
Q

What is the function of the dorsal part of the spinal cord and the ventral part

A

Sensory signal are brought into through the back ( dorsal) and motor signals leave though the front (ventral)

159
Q

What is the purposes of the spinal cord

A

Sends sensory neurons in various parts of the body to the brain and relays motor commands from the brain to the muscles and organs via motor neurons

160
Q

Name the 5 dermatone sections of the spinal cord and how many are in that section

A 
8 cervicl 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 Sacral
1 coccygeal
161
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain

A

The medulla, pons and cerebellum

162
Q

Where and what is the medulla

A

The medulla is the first part attached to the spinal cords, it helps regulate respiration, circulation and heart rate

163
Q

Where’s is the pons located and what does it do

A

It’s the bulging part above the medulla, it it involved in rapid eye movements, facial expressions, chewing and dreaming

164
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what does it do

A

Located at the very back of the brain , controls balance and posture and smoothing and contributes to some learning

165
Q

What is reticular formation

A

Diffuse network of neurons that extends from the medulla into the midbrain
Regulates consciousness and alertness

166
Q

What is the mid brain

A

The middle part of the brain that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain

167
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain

A
  • superior colliculus
  • inferior colliculuis
  • tectum (roof)
  • Tegmentum (floor)
  • the tegmentum releases substantia nigra
168
Q

What are the five parts of the subcortical forebrain

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Hippocampus
  5. Basal ganglia
169
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates body temp, thirst and appetite, works closely with the pituitary gland

170
Q

What does the HPA do

A

Mediates the biological response to stress

171
Q

What does thalamus do

A

Relays sensory info to the cortex and relays motor commands from the cortex to the motor system

172
Q

What does the amygdala do

A

Part of the lambic system, plays a major role in emotions esp fair

173
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Part of the lambic system, formation of explicit memories; vulnerable to stress

174
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia and what does it do

A
  • caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

- controls motor behavior, emotion and cognition

175
Q

What are the three major points about the cerebral cortex

A
  1. It’s the largest part of the human brain (makes up 80%)
  2. Grayish in color because it is folded
  3. Organized into four parts
176
Q

What is gyri and sulci

A

Gyri is the hills and sulci are the valleys

177
Q

What are the 4 sections of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
178
Q

What is located in the (left ) frontal lobe and what does each control

A
  • frontal lobe : abstract thinking, planning, and social skills
  • brocas area: speech production and grammar
  • primary motor cortex
  • central fissure
179
Q

What are the parts of the parietal lobe and what are their functions

A
  • parietal lobe :touch, special orientation, nonverbal thinking
  • somatosensory cortex
180
Q

What are the parts of the occipital lobe and what are their functions

A
  • occipital lobe :vision

- primary visual cortex

181
Q

What are the parts of the temporal lobe and what are their functions

A
  • temporal lobe : language, hearing, visual pattern recognition
  • wernickes area : speech comprehension
182
Q

What separated the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

Corpus callosum

183
Q

What does the left side of the brain control

A

Language, logic, details, analytical thinking, and positive emotion

184
Q

What does the right side of the Brain control

A

Spatial representation, synthesis and negative emotions

185
Q

What is the split brain study and who was a person who researched it

A

The split Brain study is research on people who have had their corpus callosum cut which blocks communication between halves
The person to research this was micheal gazzaniga

186
Q

What is a gene

A

Unit of hereditary transmission, they are arranged along chromosomes and located at the nucleus

187
Q

What is it when both alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

188
Q

What is it when the alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

189
Q

What is behavior genetics

A

Examines the generic and environmental bases of differences among individuals on a psychological traits

190
Q

What is the degree of relatedness

A

The probability of sharing a gene

191
Q

What is the degree of relatedness for monozygotic twins

A

1.0

192
Q

What is the degree of relatedness for dizygotic twins

A

.5

193
Q

What is the heritability coefficient

A

Quantifies the extent to which variations in a trait can be accounted for by genetic variation

194
Q

What does each coefficient mean in the heritability coefficient

A

If its close to 1 then the trait is completely heritable

If it is close to zero then it is not, usually the coefficient for twins is between .15 to .6

Biology (5 decks)

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