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Biology > Biol 1202 > Flashcards

Biol 1202 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a capsule

A

A dense and well defined layer of polysaccharide that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates

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2
Q

What is Fimbria

A

A short, hairlike appendage of prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or other cells

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3
Q

What is a plasmid

A

A small circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separated from those of a bacterial chromosome

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4
Q

What is a Nucleoid

A

A non membrane- enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell whew its chromosome is located

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5
Q

What is flagellum

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

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6
Q

describe gram positive bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycon layer, purple color that cannot be removed with alcohol

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7
Q

Describe gram negative bacteria

A

Thin peptidogylcan layer, plasma membrane and outer membrane, pink color

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8
Q

What is bacterial conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria, not necessarily the same species, plasmids are usually transmitted through sex pilus

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9
Q

What is transformation

A

Uptake of foreign DNA for the environment

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10
Q

What is transduction

A

Viruses carry bacterial DNA from once cell host to another

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11
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organism of a Photoautotroph

A

The energy source is light
The carbon source is CO2 HCO3- or related compounds
The type of organisms are photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants and certain protists

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12
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organisms of a chemoautotroph

A

The energy source is inorganic chemicals
The carbon source is CO2, HCO3 etc
The types of organisms are unique to certain prokaryotes

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13
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organism of photoheterotrophs

A

The energy source is light
The carbon source is organic compounds
The type of organisms are unique to aquatic, salt-loving prokaryotes

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14
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organisms or chemoheterotrophs

A

The energy source is organic compounds
The carbon source is organic compounds
The types of organisms are prokaryotes

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15
Q

What is an obligate aerobe

A

They require oxygen

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16
Q

What is an obligate anaerobes

A

Posioned by oxygen, fermentation

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17
Q

What is a facultative anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

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18
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Domain eukarya
Domain archaea
Domain bacteria

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19
Q

What are extreme halophiles

A

Organisms that lives in highly saline environments

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20
Q

What are extreme thermophiles

A

An organism that thrives in hot environment

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21
Q

What are methonogens

A

Organisms that produces methane as a waste product of the way is obtains energy

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22
Q

Explain secondary endosymbiosis in the evolution of photosynthetic protists

A

A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic call engulfed a photosynthetic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside a heterotrophic cell

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23
Q

Describe the way protists move

A

Flagellates -move by 1 or more flagellae
Ciliates- move by coordinated movement of cilia
Amoebae- move by means of pseudopodia

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24
Q

What is a kinetoplastid

A

Single large mitochondrion containing an organized mass of DNA called kinoplast

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25
Q

What is euglenids

A

Have one or move flagell that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell. Some species are mixotrophic, chloroplast from endosymbiosis

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26
Q

describe dinoflagellates

A

Alveolate, diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and mixotrophs, abundant components of marine and freshwater, cellulose plants, chloroplast from secondary endosymbiosis

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27
Q

Describe Apicomplexans

A

Alveolate, parasites of animals, some cause human diseases, apex contains a complex of organelles for penetrating host red blood cells

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28
Q

Describe ciliates

A

Alveolate, names for their use of cilia to move and feed, have to nuclei

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29
Q

Describe the functions of the two types of nuclei found in ciliates

A

Macronucleus: controls everyday functions
Micronucleus: used in conjugation

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30
Q

Describe diatoms

A

Unicellular algae, silica test, major component of phytoplankton, secondary endosymbiosis

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31
Q

Describe brown algae

A

Multicellular ( mostly marine seaweed), carotenoid pigments give brown color, mostly complex, secondary endosymbiosis

32
Q

Describe Formainiferans

A

Porous, multicolored test made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia, foram test in marine sediments from extensive fossil record

33
Q

Describe radiolarins

A

Marine protists with silica test, pseudopodia known as axopodia

34
Q

How does pseudopodia in the foraminiferans work

A

Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test

35
Q

How do pseudopodia works in radiolarins

A

Used to capture and phagocytose microorganisms

36
Q

Describe red algae

A

Photosynthetic protists, multicellular and marine

37
Q

Describe green algae

A

Paraphyletic group, more related to plants than other algae

38
Q

How do fungi acquire their nutrients

A

They secret hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings

39
Q

Describe the basic body plan of a fungus

A

They have tiny filaments called hyphae and a flexible yet strong polysaccharide called chitin

40
Q

What is ectomycorrhizal

A

A fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

41
Q

What is arbuscular mycorrhizal

A

Hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell

42
Q

What is plasmogamy

A

The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction

43
Q

What is karyogamy

A

The fusion haploid nuclei contributed by the parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction

44
Q

Describe zygomycetes

A

Includes mold, parasites and commensal symboints, named for sexually reproduced zygosporangia

45
Q

Describe ascomycetes

A

Defined by the production of sexual spores in asci contained ascoaps

46
Q

Define basidomycetes

A

Includes mushrooms and shelf fungi, defined by club like structure called Basidiomycota

47
Q

What are the roles of fungi in the eco system

A

Fungi breakdown dead material and recycles chemical elements between living and non living portions of ecosystems

48
Q

What are some fungus- plant mutualisms

A

Mycorrizae: takes place at roots
Endophytes: takes place in the leaves or other tissue

49
Q

What is an example of fungal-animal symbiosis

A

The guts of cows and other grazing animals, ants and termites raise fungal farms

50
Q

What are the four derived homologies that link charophyceans and land plants

A

Rosette- shaped cellulose- synthesized complexes, structure of flagellated sperm and formation of phragmoplast

51
Q

Describe four characteristics that distinguish land plants from charophycean algae

A

Alternation of generations, multicellular dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia

52
Q

What are the three phyla do bryophyta and their characteristics

A 
Phylum hepatophyta ( liverworts)
Phylum anthocerophyta ( hornwarts )
Phylum bryophota (moss)
53
Q

Explain the process and function of double fertilization

A

Double fertilization is a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperm in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in embryo sac to form the zygote and and endosperm

54
Q

What is monocots

A

A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one cotyledon

55
Q

What is eudicots

A

A clade consisting of a vast majority of flowering plants that have two cotyledons

56
Q

What is a sepal

A

Modified leaf in angiosperms that help enclose and protect flower bud before it opens

57
Q

What is a petal

A

Modified leaf of a flowering plant that advertise insects and other pollen product

58
Q

What is a stamen

A

Pollen providing reproductive organ of a flower

59
Q

What is a filament

A

The stalk of a stamen

60
Q

What is an anther

A

In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen where pollen grains with male gametes form

61
Q

What is a carpel

A

Ovule producing reproductive organs of a flower

62
Q

What is a stigma

A

Sticky part of flowers carpel

63
Q

What is a style

A

The stalk of a flowers carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at top

64
Q

What is the ovary

A

In flowers the portion of a carpel in which the egg containing ovules develop

65
Q

What is an ovule

A

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte

66
Q

Why are pollen grains important adaptation for successful reproduction on land plants

A

Pollen grains were important because the evolution of pollen allowed for pollenation and contributed to the diversity of seed plants

67
Q

What is the difference in size and independence of gametophytes of bryphytes and seed plants

A

The seed, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory, ovules and pollen

68
Q

What are the two clads of living seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophyes: club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts
Pterophytes: ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

69
Q

Why are seedless vascular plants most commonly found in damp habitats

A

The ancestor of seedless vascular plants had no roots

70
Q

What is the main features of euglenzoans

A

A spiral of crystalline rod unknown function inside their flagella

71
Q

Describe kinoplastids

A

Single large mitochondrion containing an organized mass of dna called kinoplast

72
Q

Describe euglenids

A

Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, some species are mixotrophic

73
Q

Describe ciliates

A

Alveolate, named for their use of cilia to move and feed, have two nuclei

74
Q

Describe bacillariophyta

A

Diatoms, stramenophille, unicellular algae, silica test, major component of phytoplankton, diatomaceous earth ( accumulated diatom test in marine sediments)

75
Q

Describe phaeophyta ( brown algae )

A

Stramenophile ,largest and most complex algae, all multicellular and mostly marine seaweed, carotenoid pigments give them brown color

76
Q

Describe formainiferans

A

Named for their porous generally multichambered tests made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test, foram test in marine sediments form extensive fossil record

77
Q

Describe radiolarins

A

Marie protists with silica test, pseudopodia known as axopodia

Biology (5 decks)

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