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Biol 1202 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a capsule

A

A dense and well defined layer of polysaccharide that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates

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2
Q

What is Fimbria

A

A short, hairlike appendage of prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or other cells

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3
Q

What is a plasmid

A

A small circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separated from those of a bacterial chromosome

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4
Q

What is a Nucleoid

A

A non membrane- enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell whew its chromosome is located

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5
Q

What is flagellum

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

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6
Q

describe gram positive bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycon layer, purple color that cannot be removed with alcohol

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7
Q

Describe gram negative bacteria

A

Thin peptidogylcan layer, plasma membrane and outer membrane, pink color

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8
Q

What is bacterial conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria, not necessarily the same species, plasmids are usually transmitted through sex pilus

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9
Q

What is transformation

A

Uptake of foreign DNA for the environment

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10
Q

What is transduction

A

Viruses carry bacterial DNA from once cell host to another

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11
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organism of a Photoautotroph

A

The energy source is light
The carbon source is CO2 HCO3- or related compounds
The type of organisms are photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants and certain protists

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12
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organisms of a chemoautotroph

A

The energy source is inorganic chemicals
The carbon source is CO2, HCO3 etc
The types of organisms are unique to certain prokaryotes

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13
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organism of photoheterotrophs

A

The energy source is light
The carbon source is organic compounds
The type of organisms are unique to aquatic, salt-loving prokaryotes

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14
Q

What is the energy source, carbon source and types of organisms or chemoheterotrophs

A

The energy source is organic compounds
The carbon source is organic compounds
The types of organisms are prokaryotes

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15
Q

What is an obligate aerobe

A

They require oxygen

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16
Q

What is an obligate anaerobes

A

Posioned by oxygen, fermentation

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17
Q

What is a facultative anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

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18
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Domain eukarya
Domain archaea
Domain bacteria

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19
Q

What are extreme halophiles

A

Organisms that lives in highly saline environments

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20
Q

What are extreme thermophiles

A

An organism that thrives in hot environment

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21
Q

What are methonogens

A

Organisms that produces methane as a waste product of the way is obtains energy

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22
Q

Explain secondary endosymbiosis in the evolution of photosynthetic protists

A

A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic call engulfed a photosynthetic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside a heterotrophic cell

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23
Q

Describe the way protists move

A

Flagellates -move by 1 or more flagellae
Ciliates- move by coordinated movement of cilia
Amoebae- move by means of pseudopodia

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24
Q

What is a kinetoplastid

A

Single large mitochondrion containing an organized mass of DNA called kinoplast

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25
What is euglenids
Have one or move flagell that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell. Some species are mixotrophic, chloroplast from endosymbiosis
26
describe dinoflagellates
Alveolate, diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and mixotrophs, abundant components of marine and freshwater, cellulose plants, chloroplast from secondary endosymbiosis
27
Describe Apicomplexans
Alveolate, parasites of animals, some cause human diseases, apex contains a complex of organelles for penetrating host red blood cells
28
Describe ciliates
Alveolate, names for their use of cilia to move and feed, have to nuclei
29
Describe the functions of the two types of nuclei found in ciliates
Macronucleus: controls everyday functions Micronucleus: used in conjugation
30
Describe diatoms
Unicellular algae, silica test, major component of phytoplankton, secondary endosymbiosis
31
Describe brown algae
Multicellular ( mostly marine seaweed), carotenoid pigments give brown color, mostly complex, secondary endosymbiosis
32
Describe Formainiferans
Porous, multicolored test made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia, foram test in marine sediments from extensive fossil record
33
Describe radiolarins
Marine protists with silica test, pseudopodia known as axopodia
34
How does pseudopodia in the foraminiferans work
Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test
35
How do pseudopodia works in radiolarins
Used to capture and phagocytose microorganisms
36
Describe red algae
Photosynthetic protists, multicellular and marine
37
Describe green algae
Paraphyletic group, more related to plants than other algae
38
How do fungi acquire their nutrients
They secret hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings
39
Describe the basic body plan of a fungus
They have tiny filaments called hyphae and a flexible yet strong polysaccharide called chitin
40
What is ectomycorrhizal
A fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
41
What is arbuscular mycorrhizal
Hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell
42
What is plasmogamy
The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction
43
What is karyogamy
The fusion haploid nuclei contributed by the parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction
44
Describe zygomycetes
Includes mold, parasites and commensal symboints, named for sexually reproduced zygosporangia
45
Describe ascomycetes
Defined by the production of sexual spores in asci contained ascoaps
46
Define basidomycetes
Includes mushrooms and shelf fungi, defined by club like structure called Basidiomycota
47
What are the roles of fungi in the eco system
Fungi breakdown dead material and recycles chemical elements between living and non living portions of ecosystems
48
What are some fungus- plant mutualisms
Mycorrizae: takes place at roots Endophytes: takes place in the leaves or other tissue
49
What is an example of fungal-animal symbiosis
The guts of cows and other grazing animals, ants and termites raise fungal farms
50
What are the four derived homologies that link charophyceans and land plants
Rosette- shaped cellulose- synthesized complexes, structure of flagellated sperm and formation of phragmoplast
51
Describe four characteristics that distinguish land plants from charophycean algae
Alternation of generations, multicellular dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia
52
What are the three phyla do bryophyta and their characteristics
``` Phylum hepatophyta ( liverworts) Phylum anthocerophyta ( hornwarts ) Phylum bryophota (moss) ```
53
Explain the process and function of double fertilization
Double fertilization is a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperm in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in embryo sac to form the zygote and and endosperm
54
What is monocots
A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one cotyledon
55
What is eudicots
A clade consisting of a vast majority of flowering plants that have two cotyledons
56
What is a sepal
Modified leaf in angiosperms that help enclose and protect flower bud before it opens
57
What is a petal
Modified leaf of a flowering plant that advertise insects and other pollen product
58
What is a stamen
Pollen providing reproductive organ of a flower
59
What is a filament
The stalk of a stamen
60
What is an anther
In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen where pollen grains with male gametes form
61
What is a carpel
Ovule producing reproductive organs of a flower
62
What is a stigma
Sticky part of flowers carpel
63
What is a style
The stalk of a flowers carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at top
64
What is the ovary
In flowers the portion of a carpel in which the egg containing ovules develop
65
What is an ovule
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte
66
Why are pollen grains important adaptation for successful reproduction on land plants
Pollen grains were important because the evolution of pollen allowed for pollenation and contributed to the diversity of seed plants
67
What is the difference in size and independence of gametophytes of bryphytes and seed plants
The seed, reduction of gametophyte generation, heterospory, ovules and pollen
68
What are the two clads of living seedless vascular plants
Lycophyes: club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts Pterophytes: ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns
69
Why are seedless vascular plants most commonly found in damp habitats
The ancestor of seedless vascular plants had no roots
70
What is the main features of euglenzoans
A spiral of crystalline rod unknown function inside their flagella
71
Describe kinoplastids
Single large mitochondrion containing an organized mass of dna called kinoplast
72
Describe euglenids
Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, some species are mixotrophic
73
Describe ciliates
Alveolate, named for their use of cilia to move and feed, have two nuclei
74
Describe bacillariophyta
Diatoms, stramenophille, unicellular algae, silica test, major component of phytoplankton, diatomaceous earth ( accumulated diatom test in marine sediments)
75
Describe phaeophyta ( brown algae )
Stramenophile ,largest and most complex algae, all multicellular and mostly marine seaweed, carotenoid pigments give them brown color
76
Describe formainiferans
Named for their porous generally multichambered tests made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test, foram test in marine sediments form extensive fossil record
77
Describe radiolarins
Marie protists with silica test, pseudopodia known as axopodia

Biology (5 decks)

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