Psychology Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is developmental psychology
A
Studies how humans change across the life span (from the cradle to the grave)
2
Q
What are the two core issues of developmental psychology
A
- Interaction of nature and nurture
2. The nature of change (how it occurs)
3
Q
What is the critical period of the nature- nurture interaction
A
The period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning and sensory stimulation
4
Q
What is continuous change
A
Gradual alteration of behavior (more prevalent in adulthood)
5
Q
What is discontinuous change
A
Qualitatively different stages more obvious in adulthood
6
Q
What is social development
A
Changes in interpersonal behaviors, feeling and thoughts across the lifespan
7
Q
What is attachment
A
An enduring emotional tie between child and caretaker
8
Q
What are the three components of attachment
A
- Desire for proximity to the caretaker
- Sense of security around the caretaker
- Feelings of distress when the caretaker is absent
9
Q
What is Harlows attachment studies
A
Psychologists linked attachment to feeding
-infant monkeys were taken from their mother and given fake mothers, one was wire that provides food and one was terrycloth that didn’t, monkeys ate from the wire mother but was attached to the terrycloth mother
10
Q
What are the four patterns of attachment in humans
A
- secure: child is distresses when mother leaves and relieved when mother returns
- Avoidant: child ignores the mother and avoids exploration
- Anxious-ambivalent : child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close to her
- Disorganized: child may show dazed facial expressions and stereotyped rocking (found in high risk kids)
11
Q
What are the prevalence rates of childhood attachments in adults
A
1.secure = 60%
2.avoidant = 25%
3.anxious = 10%
4 unresolved = 5%
12
Q
What is Piagets theory
A
Epistemology: a branch of philosophy concerned with the acquisition of knowledge
13
Q
What is assimilation
A
Interpreting new information in terms of ones present schemas
14
Q
What is accommodation
A
Process by which old schemas are modified to fit reality
15
Q
What is the sensorimotor stage
A
Ages 0-2, object permanence forms and child becomes egocentric
16
Q
What is object permanence
A
Realization that an object continuous to exist in time and space even though it cannot be seen
17
Q
What is egocentrism
A
Children understand only their point of view
18
Q
What is the preoperational stage
A
Age 2-7, Object permanence is firmly established, child does not understand conservation
19
Q
What is concrete operational
A
Age 7-12, child begins to understand conservation and can apply it
20
Q
What is conservation
A
Understanding the basic properties of an object are constant even if the object changes shape
21
Q
What happens as we age
A
- In the mid 20s processing speed slows
- Retrieval of LTM becomes hard and working memory declines
- Fluid intelligence declines and crystallized intelligence increases
- Specific cognitive abilities diminish
22
Q
What percent of adults meet the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease and what percent of major NCD is caused by Alzheimer’s
A
About 5% of adults meet the criteria and about 60 to 80% cases are caused by Alzheimer’s
23
Q
What happens during Alzheimer’s
A
Protein deposits and a loss of the acetylcholine, the greater the cell loss in the temporal lobes the greater degree of cognitive impairment.
24
Q
What are the most obvious signs Of Alzheimer’s in the brain
A
The ventricle becomes large and the gyri reduces in size as the sulci increases in size due to cell loss
25
What is psychopathology
Problematic problems of thought, feeling, or behavior that disrupt a persons welling being and negatively impacts social, emotional, academic and occupational functioning
26
What are the 3 broad classes of psychopathology
1. Neuroses
2. Personality disorders
3. Psychoses
27
What is neuroses
Minor problems that cause anxiety and mild interpersonal and occupational functioning
28
What is personality disorders
Chronic disturbances that impair interpersonal and occupational functioning
29
What is psychoses
Sever disturbances of contact with reality
30
what is morality
rules people use to balance the conflicting interest of themselves and others
31
what is the Kohlberg theory
changes in moral reasoning reflect changes in cognitive stuctures
32
what is the psychodynamic perspectives
3 broad classes of psychopathology from a continuum of functioning from minimal to serious disturbance
33
what is the cognitive behavioral perspective
integration of classical and operant conditioning within. cognitive social perspective, focus on the discrete process, assess the environmental stimuli that elicits symptoms
34
what is the biological approach
psychopathology is a disease of the brain
1. disturbance of neurotransmitters
2. Dysfunctional neural circuts
3. gross pathology of the brain
35
what is the diathesis stress model
people develop a disorder when they
1. have an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) and 2. when they experience some psychological or environmental disturbance (stress)
36
what is the systems approach
explains an individuals behavior in the broader social context of social group. the group functions as a system with interdependent parts ( a change in one member influences other members)
37
what is ADHD
symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity,, and or impulsive persisting for at least 6 months to a degree that manipulative and inconsistent with developmental level
38
what is inattention
non responsiveness to task demands
39
what is hyperactivity
movement greater than required for accomplishing task
40
what is impulsivity
failure to inhibit behavior
41
when should the symptoms of ADHD be shown
in children prior to age 12, and be conducted in two or more setting
42
what is the prevalence of ADHD
about 5% in school aged children and 2.5% in adults (more common in males)
43
what are the risk factors of ADHD
low SES, severe marital discord, maternal psychopathology, paternal criminality
44
what is the underarousal hypothesis
there is insufficient inhibitory control over sensory input and motor output
45
what is the most common treatment for ADHD
stimulants
46
what are some future problems for children with ADHD
they are at risk for other problems as they grow up
47
what is the DSM-5 criteria for conduct disorder
1. aggression
2. destruction of property
3. deceitfulness or theft
4. serious violation of rules
48
what is the prevalence rate of conduct disorder
about 6-16% of boys, 2-9% girls
49
what is the etiology of conduct disorder
(nature - nurture interaction) an unstable home environment is particularly dangerous to children who are genetically vulnerable
50
what is schizophrenia
a heterogenous clinical syndrome that involves a range of cognitive, behavioral and emotional dsyfunctions associated with impaired social and occupational functioning
51
what is the prevalence rate of schizophrenia
about 1% of people have it
52
how many people fully recover from schizophrenia
about 10 to 20% of people recover
53
what is the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia
1. two or more symptoms of psychosis (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech)
2. duration of symptoms for at least 6 months
3. marked deterioration from individuals previous self
4. the disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance
54
what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
reduction in normal behavior or emotions
55
what is affective flattening
restrictions in the range/ intensity of emotional expression
56
what is algoia
restrictions in the fluency/ productivity of thought and speech
57
what is avolition
Restrictions in the initiation of goal directed behavior
58
what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
excess in sensory perception and ideas
59
what are some biological causes of schizophrenia
1. genes
2. Prenatal/ delivery complications
3. hypoxia
60
what is expressed emotion
family interactions characterized by criticism hostile comments and emotional intrusiveness
61
how does expressed emotion affect people with schizophrenia
affected individuals living in a home with high EE have a higher risk of relapsing and rehospitalization (about 65-75%) compared to people who live in low EE home who have a lower risk of relapse
62
what is MDD
Characterized by depressive mood and loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia)
63
what is the DSM-5 criteria for MDD
must have 5 of the 9 symptoms in the same 2 weeks and must of have one of #1 or #2
1. Depressed mood
2. anhedonia
3. Significant weight loss or gain and increase/ decrease of appetite
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. fatigue
7. feelings of worthlessness or guilt
8. can concentrate or make decisions
9. thoughts of death or suicide
64
what are the biological theories of depression
1. genetics
2. neurotransmission
3. hormones
4. brain regions
65
how does genetics affect MDD
Family history of depression triples a persons risk of developing MDD
66
how do neurotransmitters affect MDD
MDD is associated with abnormalities in serotonin and norepinephrine
67
how do hormones affect MDD
Hypothyroidism and over activation of the HPA axis
68
how do the brain regions affect MDD
hippocampal damage (due to an increase in cortisol)
overactivity in the right frontal lobe
under activity in the left frontal lobe
69
what is Beck negative triad theory
interpret events unfavorably
do not like themselves
regard the future
70
what is etiology of phobias
1. biological - abnormalities in serotonin and dopamine pathways in the limbic system and lower levels of GABA causes anxiety provoking reactions
2. behavioral- classical conditioning
71
what is the DSM-5 criteria for Dissociative disorders
1. disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality traits
2. recurrent gaps in memory of everyday events, personal information, and traumatic events
3. cause impairment in life
4. not a cultural or religious thing
5. not caused by another underlying condition or substance
72
what is the etiology of DID
a child has a trauma at the age of 4-6, is not hypnotizable then the person uses other coping mechanisms, is hypnotizable then the person develops a second personality which bears the burden of the trauma and creates a new personality for every future trauma
73
what is personality disorder
stable, persuasive and maladaptive ways of perceiving, relating to and thinking about the world and ones self
74
what are cluster A personality disorders
>odd or eccentric
1. paranoid
2. schizoid
3. schizotypal
75
what is paranoid
distrust and suspiciousness
76
what is schizoid
detachment from social relationships, restricted ranges of emotional expression
77
what is schizotypal
acute discomfort in close relationship, cognitive or perceptual distortions eccentricity
78
what are type cluster B personality type
- dramatic, emotional or erratic
1. antisocial
2. borderline
3. histrionic
4. narcissistic
79
what is antisocial
disregard for and violation of the rights of others
80
what is borderline
Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self concept and emotion
81
what is histrionic
excessive emotionality and attention seeking
82
what is narcissistic
grandiosity, need for attention and lack of empathy
83
what is type C cluster personality type
- anxious or fearful
1. avoidant
2. dependent
3. obsessive compulsive
84
what is avoidant type
social inhibition and avoidance, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative emotion
85
what is dependent type
submissive and clinging behavior and excessive need to be taken care of
86
what is obsessive compulsive type
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control
87
what is the information processing model
people make a series of sequential judgments to decide whether and act is immoral and whether is deserves punishment
88
what are the 4 sequential judgements
1. did the person cause the event
2. was the person morally responsible
3. is the person blameworthy
4. does the person deserve punishment
89
what is language
a system of symbols, sounds, meanings and rules that allows for communication among humans
90
what are the four dimensions of language
1. semantics
2. Syntactics
3. pragmatics
4. prosody
91
what is semantics
the words of a language and their meanings
92
what is syntactics
the grammar of language
93
what is pragmatics
the ways in which context conveys meaning
94
what is prosody
rhythm and intonation used to convey meaning (linguistics) or emotion (affective)
95
what Is the critical period off language
birth to 3 years old
96
what are phonemes
smallest units of sound that constitute speech
97
how are infants universally linguistic
they can detect differences between the speech sounds of any human
98
at what age do children become culturally bound language specialists
10 to 12 months
99
what are nonverbal communication
```
touch
gestures
body language
physical distance
facial expressions
```
100
What are the three techniques of the psychodynamic approach
Free association
Interpretation
Analysis of transference
101
What is free association
Patient says whatever comes to mind to reveal unconscious process involved in symptom formation
102
What is interpretation
Therapist interprets the patients thoughts, feelings, dreams, memories and wishes to reveal unconscious thoughts
103
What is analysis of transference
(Patient displaces conflicts from past relationships onto the therapist) and resistance ( barriers to therapy the patient creates to reduce anxiety )
104
What is the goal of the psychodynamic approach
To gain insight (understand the internal working of ones mind)
105
What is the focus of the humanistic therapies
Phenomenology ( the way each person consciously experiences the self, relationships and the world )
106
What is the goal of the humanistic approach
The goal is to help people get in touch with their feelings, their true selves, and a sense of meaning in life by listening empathically with unconditional positive regard
107
What is gastalt therapy
Focuses on the here and now and emphasis awareness of feelings (uses the empty chair technique)
108
What is the card rogers client centered therapy
People experience psychological difficulties when there concept of self is incongruent with their actual experience
109
What is the goal of the carl rogers client centered therapy
To help clients experience themselves as they actually are
110
What is systematic desensitization
The client confronts a feared stimulus mentally while in a relaxed state
111
What are the steps of systematic desensitization
- Therapist trains progressive muscle relaxation
- Construct a hierarchy of feared imagines stimuli
- While relaxing, the client imagines the least to most fearful of the images in the hierarchy
- Therapist encourages the client to confront his or hers fears in real life while monitoring their progress
112
What is exposure
Clients are exposed to the actual feared stimulus
113
What is flooding
The client confronts the phobic stimulus all at once (no hierarchy)
114
What is graded exposure
The client is exposed gradually to the feared stimulus (using hierarchy)
115
What is virtual reality
The client is exposed to virtual images of the feared stimulus
116
What is response prevention
All exposure techniques prevent the client from avoidance of the feared stimulus
117
What are the three operant techniques
Extinction
Punishment
Reinforcement
118
What is extinction
Removal of the source of reinforcement
119
What is punishment
Positively or negatively punish an undesired target behavior to decrease the probability of that behavior
120
What is participatory modeling
The therapist models the desired behavior and gradually induces the client to participate in it
121
What is skills training
Teach the behaviors necessary to accomplish relevant goals often involving interpersonal competence
122
What is the cognitive approach
What we think influences how we feel and how behave
123
What is the focus of the cognitive approach
Changing dysfunctional thought patterns
124
What is the Ellis rational emotive therapy
The ABC Theory
A-activating conditions
B- belief systems
C- emotional consequences
125
What is becks cognitive therapy
Therapist works on changing the clients cognitive distortions through a process called collaborative empiricism
126
What is the cognitive behavioral therapy
Integrates classical and operant conditioning within a social cognitive social perspective
127
What does CBT target
The clients maladaptive thoughts, behaviors and emotions
128
What is group therapy and what are the benefits
Multiple people work together toward a mutual therapeutic goal benefits because people will be will be with people with the same experiences and won’t experience shame
129
What is the focus of group therapy
Exploring the group process (the way member of the groups interact with each other)
130
What is the focus couple therapy
The marital unit or couple
131
What is the family systems approach
Looks for problematic interactions/ communication patterns
132
What is the behavioral approach
People stay in relationships when they receive more reinforcement than punishment
133
What is the goal of family therapy
Change maladaptive family interaction patterns
134
What is structural family therapy
Focuses on the organization of the family system and uses active interventions to disrupt dysfunctional patterns
135
How are genograms used
To see if the pattern of dysfunction has been seen before in the family history
136
What is eclectic therapy
Combines techniques from multiple theoretical perspectives
137
What is meta analysis
A statistical technique that allows researchers to combine findings from various studies and make comparisons between the effects of treatment and no treatment
138
What is medical model
Views psychopathology as a biological disorder
139
What do psychotropic medications do
Alter behavior by interacting with neurotransmitter sites in the brain
140
What is the difference between antagonist and agonist
Antagonist decrease receptor transmission while agonist increase them by blocking reuptake or blocking breakdown of neurotransmitters
141
What are antipsychotic medications
Most are dopamine receptors antagonist
142
What are the positive and negative symptoms of antipsychotic medication
Positive symptoms reflect too much DA
| Negative symptoms reflect brain cell loss associated with enlarges ventricles and too little DA
143
What is tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary movements due to blocking DA receptors in the basal ganglia
144
How is tardive dyskinesia cause
A compensatory increase in the sensitivity of the DA receptors in the basal ganglia, happens in patients who have taken antipsychotics for many years
145
What are MAOIs
Keep the enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down 5-HT and NE
146
What are tricyclics
Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
147
What is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Block transporter proteins for the serotonin reuptake
148
What do alcohol and barbiturates do in anti anxiety medication
Bind to sedative hypnotic sites, increase flux of Cl- causing hyperpolarization
149
What do benzodiazepines do
Bind to anti anxiety sites which enhance binding of GABA to its receptors, useful for short term treatment of anxiety but can lead to psychological dependence
150
What are the primary issues of pharmacotherapy
Can cause side effects and there is a high relapse rate when drugs are no longer used
151
What happens when people continue to stay on the medication after the diagnosis has gone away
Lower relapse rates than people who get of the drug when the are no longer showing symptoms
152
What is electroconvulsive therapy
Used for treatment of severe depression
153
What does electroconvulsive therapy do
It increase the sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin receptors, reduces the autoreceptors on the terminals of norepinephrine so the release of NE is increased
154
What are the side effects of electroconvulsive therapy
Short term memory life, it can interfere with newly acquired information into the LTM
155
What is deep brain stimulation
Electrodes are planted in the brain and a neurostimulator delivers electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions
156
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Noninvasive stimulation of the brain using a magnetic stimulator, used as treatment for movement disorders, chronic pain, and depression
157
What is a lobotomy
Most widely practiced western psychosurgery technique involving removal of cerebral tissue usually the frontal lobe
