Psychology Test #3 Flashcards
Describe the three stages of memory and what occurs at each stage.
Stage 1- Encoding: Involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
Stage 2 - Storage: Maintaining information in memory
Stage 3 - Retrieval: Getting info out of memory
What is the difference between the different types of long-term memory?
Declarative memory
- Handles factual information
- more vulnerable to forgetting
Procedural Memory
- Stores memory for actions and skills
- Less vulnerable to forgetting
Why do amnesic patients provide valuable information about memory?
They can prove that some parts of memory still operate even when others don’t
Why do people forget?
- Information is not encoded
- interference and decay of information
- retrieval failure
Given your knowledge of learning and memory, how would you advise a new student to most effectively study for their first college exam? Give 3 specific examples of how to improve memory for course material.
- Testing effect: test yourself
- Spacing effect: space out your study
- Context: taking test in same place you learned info
Compare and contrast 3 different theories of intelligence. Which do you think is the best and why?
G-factor: one intelligence
Gardner’s Eight Intelligences: studied autistic savants
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory:
- Analytical: book smart
- Creative: ability to think creatively
- Practical: Street smarts
Describe 2 pieces of evidence that suggest that intelligence is inherited and 2 pieces of evidence suggesting the intelligence is environmentally influenced.
Inherited
- Twin studies
- Adoptive studies
Environmentally Influenced
- IQ of siblings reared together is more similar than reared apart
- Studies of children in understaffed orphanages
In classical conditioning, the UR and CR are the same response. Explain why.
They are the same because we want the same response but with a learned stimulus that isn’t natural
Compare and contrast ratio vs interval schedules of reinforcement. Which schedules lead to increased responding? Using which schedules will a desired behavior take longer to extinguish.
Increased Responding: Ratio
Longer to extinguish: Interval
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
Reinforcement: Increasing a behavior
Punishment: Decreasing a behavior
How are classical and operant conditioning similar and how are they different?
Classical Conditioning
- pavlovs dog
- behavior doesn’t matter
- Physiological response
- The office
Operant Conditioning
- person behaving in their environment
- mouse in a box
- Continuous reinforcement
- Intermitent
- Ratio (rate of responding) faster
- Interval (Time)
Joshua vividly recalls his feeling and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather’s unexpected death. This best illustrates:
flashbulb memory
The process of encoding refers to:
getting information into memory
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _____ effect.
serial position
Chunking refers to:
the organization of information into meaningful units.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ______ memory.
short-term
The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between:
explicit and implicit memory
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
recall
When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and early years of her marriage. The pictures served as a powerful:
retrieval cues
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard’s tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter’s name. Gerard’s initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by:
retrieval failure
Arnold so easily remember his old girlfriend’s telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriends number. Arnold’’s difficult best illustrates:
proactive interference
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment be illustrated.
the misinformation effect
When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire’s perceptual skill best illustrates:
emotional intelligence
Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur’s mental age is:
4
