Psychology Test #2

Question 1

The perception of the letter “t” as two intersecting lines rather than as four nonintersecting lines illustrates the principle of?

Answer 1

continuity

Question 2

Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of?

Answer 2

retinal disparity

Question 3

If two objects are assumed to be the same size the object that cast the smaller retinal image is perceived to be

Answer 3

more distant

Question 4

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called?

Answer 4

perceptual adaptation

Question 5

Circadian rhythm refers to?

Answer 5

a pattern of biological functions that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

Question 6

Jordanna has decided to got to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she’s very relaxed, she has not fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of?

Answer 6

alpha waves

Question 7

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of?

Answer 7

Stage 1 sleep

Question 8

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from?

Answer 8

narcolepsy

Question 9

Mr. Oates always sleep restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from?

Answer 9

sleep apnea

Question 10

Which theory suggests the dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

Answer 10

activation- synthesis theory

Question 11

Hypnosis involves a state of?

Answer 11

heightened openness to suggestion

Question 12

Researchers are most likely to question the value of hypnosis for ?

Answer 12

enhancing memory

Question 13

The need to take larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

Answer 13

tolerance

Question 14

The use of barbiturates _______ anxiety and _______ sympathetic nervous system activity.

Answer 14

decreases; decreases

Question 15

Soon after taking a physchoactivse drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feeling of self- confidence, and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of?

Answer 15

cocaine

Question 16

The formation of a placenta signals the onset of _________ development.

Answer 16

embryonic

Question 17

The rooting reflex refers to a baby’s tendency to?

Answer 17

open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

Question 18

Maturation refers to?

Answer 18

biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 19

The first time that 4-year old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she though it was simply a large whistle. Sarah’s initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

Answer 19

assimilation

Question 20

When Tommy’s mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget’s _____ stage.

Answer 20

sensorimotor

Question 21

Babies accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show suprise if the puppet only jumps twice. This suggest that Piaget?

Answer 21

underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.

Question 22

Four - year old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to recieve a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of

Answer 22

egocentrism

Question 23

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mother suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with?

Answer 23

body contact

Question 24

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician’s waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother’s skirt. Sandra most clearly show signs of?

Answer 24

insecure attachment

Question 25

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of?

Answer 25

a single egg cell and a single sperm cell

Question 26

Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these genetic factors because?

Answer 26

Any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.

Question 27

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to?

Answer 27

parental influences.

Question 28

Give an example from class or the book on how our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or attention.

Answer 28

expectations, also called “prior beliefs,” help us make sense of what we are perceiving in the present, based on similar past experiences

Question 29

What is Gestalt psychology? Briefly describe the 3 organizing principles of Gestalt psychology.

Answer 29

Perceived whole: Perceived whole image is different or greater than the sum of its parts.
Figure Ground: Distinguish central image as distinct from surroundings
Grouping: organize into meaningful form

Question 30

What are monocular vs. binocular depth cues? Describe how one monocular cue and one binocular cue allow you to perceive depth.

Answer 30

Monocular depth cues only require the use of one eye and include: size, shape consistency, or linear perspective.
Binocular Depth cues require the use of both eyes and include: convergence and retinal disparity.

Question 31

Briefly describe two theories for why we sleep and why we dream. Why do you think we do both?

Answer 31

The Restorative Theory: sleep helps us recuperate.
The Remembering Theory: Sleep helps us remember things.

Question 32

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 32

• Awake
• Eyes Closed, Relaxed
• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3/4 Deepest Sleep
• Stage 5 REM

Question 33

What’s going on with the brain and in the body at each stage of sleep?

Answer 33

Awake - Beta Waves
Eyes Closed/ Relaxed - Alpha Waves
Stage 1: Small irregular waves
Stage 2: Sleep spindles
Stage 3/4: Delta waves, deepest sleep, most dreaming
Stage 5: REM, brain is active, body is paralyzed

Question 34

Why is REM sleep often called paradoxical sleep?

Answer 34

It is called paradoxical sleep because the brain is fully awake and active but the body is so relaxed that it is paralyzed.

Question 35

Give one example of a depressant, what are the effects on the body and what are the desired effects and related side effects?

Answer 35

Alcohol is a depressant that causes slowed reaction time, tension, depression, reduced memory ability, and poor coordination. The side effects include blackouts, cirrhosis of liver, other organ damage, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.

Question 36

Give one example of a stimulant, what are the effects on the body and what are the desired effects and related side effects?

Answer 36

Caffeine is a stimulant that results in wakefulness. alertness, and shortened reaction time. The related side effects include restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure

Question 37

Give one example of a hallucinogen, what are the effects on the body and what are the desired effects and related side effects?

Answer 37

Ecstasy is a hallucinogen that causes increased energy, excitation, and euphoria. The related side effects include dehydration, increased blood pressure, and liver damage.

Question 38

Define tolerance.

Answer 38

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use

Question 39

Define Physical dependence

Answer 39

must continue to take to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 40

Define psychological dependence

Answer 40

must continue to take to satisfy mental and emotional cravings (need it to be yourself)

Question 41

Describe how people build a tolerance to caffeine, and the risk of developing physical and psychological dependence.

Answer 41

Tolerance is rapid, physical dependence is moderate and psychological dependence is high

Question 42

What are the stages of prenatal development? Name two important changes/ events that are occurring at each stage.

Answer 42

Stages of Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Stage (1st two weeks)
2. Embryonic Stage (2 weeks to end of 2nd month)
3. Fetal Stage (end of 2 months to birth)

Question 43

Describe each of Piaget’s stages of development and describe one thing children can do at each stage and (where appropriate) one common cognitive mistake they make at each stage.

Answer 43

Piaget’s Stages of Development
1. Sensorimotor Period (Birth - 2 year)
2. Pre-operational Period (2-7 years)
3. Concrete Operational Period (7-11 years)
4. Formal Operational Period (11 years +)

Question 44

Describe the two studies that suggest that children’s cognitive abilities occur much earlier that Piaget suspected. Which stages of cognitive development do these results occur?

Answer 44

Theory of Mind (Sally and Anne Doll Study) : Pre-operational Period
Study with bear and 2 sheet of paper

Question 45

Explain why we should be careful about attributing children’s successes and failures to their parent’s influence. how do parent influence their children (give a nature and nurture example). What other environmental influences impact a child’s development?

Answer 45

Nature; our environment shapes us
Nurture: Our genes shape us
Other environmental influences: peers, teachers, siblings

Question 46

What occurs in the awake stage of sleep?

Answer 46

Beta waves

Question 47

What occurs in the eyes closed/ relaxed stage of sleep?

Answer 47

Alpha Waves

Question 48

What type of waves occur in stage 1 of sleep?

Answer 48

small irregular waves

Question 49

What type of waves occurs in stage 2 of sleep?

Answer 49

Sleep spindles

Question 50

What type of waves occur in stage 3/4 of sleep?

Answer 50

delta waves

Question 51

What type of waves occur in Stage 5 of sleep?

Answer 51

REM

Question 52

What occurs in the Germinal Stage?

Answer 52

(First two weeks)
1. Begins when zygote is created
2. Within 36 hours, rapid cell devision begins
3. Around day 7, implants in uterine wall
4. Placenta begins to form

Question 53

What occurs in the embryonic stage?

Answer 53

(2 weeks to end of 2nd month)
- most vital organs + bodily systems begin to form
- now called embryo

Question 54

What occurs in the Fetal Stage?

Answer 54

(end of 2 months to birth)
- Rapid body growth: muscle and bone formation
- Now called a fetus
- Brain cells multiply quickly
- ~22-26 weeks = age of viability

Question 55

What can children do or not do at the Sensorimotor Period of development?

Answer 55

(Birth - 2 years)
- Learn object permanence around 18 months
- Know the world through sensory and motor experiences

Question 56

What can children do or not do at the Pre-operational period of development?

Answer 56

(2-7 years)
- gradually improve use of mental image
- Conservation is lacking (glass of water to cylinder)
- Egocentrism - limited ability to share another POV Ex: I can’t see them so they can’t see me)

Question 57

What can children do or not do at the Concrete Operational Period of development?

Answer 57

(7-11 years)
- Development of mental operations
- Decline in egocentrism and gradual mastery fo conservation
- New problem solving capacities
Ex; using physical objects for math

Question 58

What can children do or not do at the Formal operational period of development?

Answer 58

(11 years +)
- Apple operations to both abstract and concrete objects
- More systematic problem solving