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COGS language revision > Psychology test 2 revision > Flashcards

Psychology test 2 revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are two things we learn from Ebbinghaus’s memory studies?

A

The forgetting curve and The Spacing Effect

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2
Q

What are two pieces of evidence we have that attention is limited?

A

Inattentional blindness and The Stroop Effect

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3
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When recent memories interfere with the ability to retrieve older memories

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4
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When old memories interfere with the ability to retrieve newer memories?

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5
Q

What is the encoding specifity principle?

A

cues are most effective if they are encoded alongside associated information

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6
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

sensory memory, short-term working memory, encoding, storage, (long-term memory), retrieval

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7
Q

What is the schema theory? and how do we use schemas?

A

that memories are not reproduced, they are reconstructed.
we use schemas to understand the world and later to remember the world.

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8
Q

How can we enhance coding?

A

deep processing, organisation, generalisation and spacing

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9
Q

what are some effective strategies for encoding?

A

link new knowledge to existing knowledge, organise your information, spacing learning episodes, creating retrieval codes, active engagement/note taking, practicing retrieval, generating your own study materials, minimising distractions

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10
Q

what are the two types of memory? and what categories fall under them?

A

Declarative (explicit)
- semantic and episodic
(autobiographical)
nondeclaritive (implicit)
procedural memory

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11
Q

what are the two states of memory?

A

availability - item is in memory
accessibility - item can be retrieved from memory

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12
Q

forgetting

A

failure of availability

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13
Q

retrieval failure

A

failure of accessibility

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14
Q

what is the hierarchy of language?

A

sentence - phrase - word - morpheme - phoneme

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15
Q

phoneme

A

speech sounds

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16
Q

morphemes

A

words, suffixes and prefixes

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17
Q

what is semantics

A

meaning

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18
Q

syntax

A

the arrangement of words to form well-constructed sentences

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19
Q

what are content words and what processing relies on them

A

nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs
semantic
content - meaning (semantics) hand in hand

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20
Q

what are function words and what processing relies on them?

A

pronouns, prepositions, conjunctives, other small words like the, that, if
syntactic - because syntax is about how the word is constructed

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21
Q

what is aphasia?

A

the inability to produce and understand language

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22
Q

what is syntax cued by?

A

morphology, word order, word class

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23
Q

what are actions and performers

A

action - verb
performers - doer and receiver

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24
Q

what is the sensitive period for language? and why is it important

A

ideal time for children acquiring language - important as once the period has passed language is no longer acquired rapidly, effortlessly and without being taught

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25
Q

heuristics

A

quick rules of thumb that work well in most situations

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26
Q

what is the representativeness heuristic?

A

to classify something, we asses how closely it matches our ‘prototype’ for that group

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27
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

the tendency to assess outcomes as more probable if they come to mind more readily

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28
Q

why are heuristics helpful

A

logical thought takes time and mental resources, so quick rules of thumb are efficient

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29
Q

schema

A

mental knowledge structures based on experience

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30
Q

scripts

A

common action routines

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31
Q

when is the DMN showing hyperconnectivity

A

in major depressive episode

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32
Q

what are the two modes of thinking? and what networks are they

A

open-ended reflection
DMN network
and
goal-directed thinking
the “executive control” network

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33
Q

what are memory traces or engrams?

A

things that effect our nervous syttrem and changes in the brain

34
Q

how do events create engrams?

A

through the process of consolidation - the neural changes

35
Q

what is the main cause of forgetting?

A

retroactive interference
because our new memories interfere with the ability to retrieve our older ones

36
Q

what is the misinformation effect?

A

is retroactive interference during retention interval in which other peoples description of a situation changes your own perception of a situation

37
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

when people encode information they do so in specific ways

38
Q

what is a con to attaching cues to information

A

the cue overload principle - attaching too many cues to the point where it can’t be effectively retrieved

39
Q

how do we maximise retrieval?

A

construct meaningful cues that remind of us of the original experience

40
Q

what should the cues be

A

distinctive and not associated with other memories

41
Q

what are mnemonic devices?

A

strategies for remembering large amount of information

42
Q

what is consolidation

A

the process after encoding, believed to stabilise memory cues

43
Q

what is the process of sensation and perception

A

physical world - transduction - neural world, neural world - perception - psychological world

44
Q

what is transduction

A

the process by which when something touches the specific receptors, action potential is created

45
Q

what is psychophysics and how are they connected

A

the relationship between the psychological world and physical world - via the neural world

46
Q

how can our brain process the information of the physical world?

A

the physical activity/energy must be transducted into some sort of neural code

47
Q

what is perception?

A

making sense of activity/energy and experiencing it. its the process of taking the neural signal and creating some sort of psychological reality - what you see hear, feel, taste, touch etc

48
Q

how do action potentials fire from chemoreceptors - chemical smells for eg

A

the receptors have certain shapes that neurotransmitters bind to - causing an action potential to fire

49
Q

what are the chemicals in the air that cause us to smell when bind to our nasal receptors

A

aroma molecules

50
Q

what smells?

A

NOT chemicals - chemicals don’t smell- not until they have bind with nasal receptors in your nose and an action potential fires and it causes the FEELING of smell. SMELL IS AN EXPERIENCE. as is all sensation.

51
Q

so are flowers smelly?

A

it isn’t that the things that we smell are determined by whether they are smelly, but rather if our nose has a specific nasal receptor for them

52
Q

what is light

A

part of electromagnetic energy which is different wavelengths of radiation floating in the world

53
Q

what determines different colours

A

the length of the wavelength

54
Q

what are the waves we can’t see and why

A

radio waves, microwaves, infrared range are too big
and
uv rays, x-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays are too small

55
Q

what is colour

A

colour is the experience of the receptors in our eyes binding with electrogmagnetic energy waves of light that we can see and of those lengths are different colours. colour does not actually exist in the world. it is an experience of sensation

56
Q

what is temperature

A

your minds interpretation of kinetic energy

57
Q

how is your experience of the world shaped

A

by the receptors you possess. if you don’t have a specific receptor to match a molecule, wavelength etc, you won’t smell a flower, see a colour

58
Q

what are hertz

A

wavelengths of SOUND

59
Q

what range of hertz can we hear

A

64-23,000 hertz

60
Q

what is pitch

A

vibration

61
Q

what is loudness

A

amplitude

62
Q

what is pain

A

tissue damage

63
Q

what is aroma

A

chemical shape

64
Q

what is colour

A

wavelength

65
Q

what is temperature

A

kinetic energy

66
Q

what are wavelengths, kinetic energy, chemical shapes etc

A

physical world sensations

67
Q

what are colours, aromas, pain etc

A

psychological world sensations

68
Q

what is the signal detection theory and what are examples

A

a way to distinguish between sensitivity and bias
when refs call try or no try and when doctors see a tumour or don’t

69
Q

what is the absolute threshold

A

the frequency human hearing depends on

70
Q

what does discrimination threshold depend on

A

how bright/loud/big the original stimulus is

71
Q

what are lumens

A

measure of brightness

72
Q

what is the weber law

A

0.04

73
Q

bottom up processing vs top down processing

A

bottom up - eating something for the first time
when stimulus we’ve experienced influences how we process new ones this is top down processing

74
Q

what is binocular disparity

A

because our eyes are at slightly different locations, the images seen in each retina is slightly different

75
Q

what is somatosensation?

A

our ability to sense touch, temperature and pain,

76
Q

what is the somatopic map?

A

how your brain believes the sizes of your body are depending on the sensitivity of the parts of the body

77
Q

what is olfaction

A

smell

78
Q

what is gustation

A

taste

79
Q

what narrows the flow of information from perception into working memory

A

attention

80
Q
A

COGS language revision (6 decks)

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