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Psychology test 2 revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are two things we learn from Ebbinghaus’s memory studies?

A

The forgetting curve and The Spacing Effect

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2
Q

What are two pieces of evidence we have that attention is limited?

A

Inattentional blindness and The Stroop Effect

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3
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When recent memories interfere with the ability to retrieve older memories

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4
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When old memories interfere with the ability to retrieve newer memories?

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5
Q

What is the encoding specifity principle?

A

cues are most effective if they are encoded alongside associated information

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6
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

sensory memory, short-term working memory, encoding, storage, (long-term memory), retrieval

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7
Q

What is the schema theory? and how do we use schemas?

A

that memories are not reproduced, they are reconstructed.
we use schemas to understand the world and later to remember the world.

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8
Q

How can we enhance coding?

A

deep processing, organisation, generalisation and spacing

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9
Q

what are some effective strategies for encoding?

A

link new knowledge to existing knowledge, organise your information, spacing learning episodes, creating retrieval codes, active engagement/note taking, practicing retrieval, generating your own study materials, minimising distractions

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10
Q

what are the two types of memory? and what categories fall under them?

A

Declarative (explicit)
- semantic and episodic
(autobiographical)
nondeclaritive (implicit)
procedural memory

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11
Q

what are the two states of memory?

A

availability - item is in memory
accessibility - item can be retrieved from memory

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12
Q

forgetting

A

failure of availability

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13
Q

retrieval failure

A

failure of accessibility

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14
Q

what is the hierarchy of language?

A

sentence - phrase - word - morpheme - phoneme

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15
Q

phoneme

A

speech sounds

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16
Q

morphemes

A

words, suffixes and prefixes

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17
Q

what is semantics

A

meaning

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18
Q

syntax

A

the arrangement of words to form well-constructed sentences

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19
Q

what are content words and what processing relies on them

A

nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs
semantic
content - meaning (semantics) hand in hand

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20
Q

what are function words and what processing relies on them?

A

pronouns, prepositions, conjunctives, other small words like the, that, if
syntactic - because syntax is about how the word is constructed

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21
Q

what is aphasia?

A

the inability to produce and understand language

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22
Q

what is syntax cued by?

A

morphology, word order, word class

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23
Q

what are actions and performers

A

action - verb
performers - doer and receiver

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24
Q

what is the sensitive period for language? and why is it important

A

ideal time for children acquiring language - important as once the period has passed language is no longer acquired rapidly, effortlessly and without being taught

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25
heuristics
quick rules of thumb that work well in most situations
26
what is the representativeness heuristic?
to classify something, we asses how closely it matches our 'prototype' for that group
27
what is the availability heuristic?
the tendency to assess outcomes as more probable if they come to mind more readily
28
why are heuristics helpful
logical thought takes time and mental resources, so quick rules of thumb are efficient
29
schema
mental knowledge structures based on experience
30
scripts
common action routines
31
when is the DMN showing hyperconnectivity
in major depressive episode
32
what are the two modes of thinking? and what networks are they
open-ended reflection DMN network and goal-directed thinking the "executive control" network
33
what are memory traces or engrams?
things that effect our nervous syttrem and changes in the brain
34
how do events create engrams?
through the process of consolidation - the neural changes
35
what is the main cause of forgetting?
retroactive interference because our new memories interfere with the ability to retrieve our older ones
36
what is the misinformation effect?
is retroactive interference during retention interval in which other peoples description of a situation changes your own perception of a situation
37
encoding specificity principle
when people encode information they do so in specific ways
38
what is a con to attaching cues to information
the cue overload principle - attaching too many cues to the point where it can't be effectively retrieved
39
how do we maximise retrieval?
construct meaningful cues that remind of us of the original experience
40
what should the cues be
distinctive and not associated with other memories
41
what are mnemonic devices?
strategies for remembering large amount of information
42
what is consolidation
the process after encoding, believed to stabilise memory cues
43
what is the process of sensation and perception
physical world - transduction - neural world, neural world - perception - psychological world
44
what is transduction
the process by which when something touches the specific receptors, action potential is created
45
what is psychophysics and how are they connected
the relationship between the psychological world and physical world - via the neural world
46
how can our brain process the information of the physical world?
the physical activity/energy must be transducted into some sort of neural code
47
what is perception?
making sense of activity/energy and experiencing it. its the process of taking the neural signal and creating some sort of psychological reality - what you see hear, feel, taste, touch etc
48
how do action potentials fire from chemoreceptors - chemical smells for eg
the receptors have certain shapes that neurotransmitters bind to - causing an action potential to fire
49
what are the chemicals in the air that cause us to smell when bind to our nasal receptors
aroma molecules
50
what smells?
NOT chemicals - chemicals don't smell- not until they have bind with nasal receptors in your nose and an action potential fires and it causes the FEELING of smell. SMELL IS AN EXPERIENCE. as is all sensation.
51
so are flowers smelly?
it isn't that the things that we smell are determined by whether they are smelly, but rather if our nose has a specific nasal receptor for them
52
what is light
part of electromagnetic energy which is different wavelengths of radiation floating in the world
53
what determines different colours
the length of the wavelength
54
what are the waves we can't see and why
radio waves, microwaves, infrared range are too big and uv rays, x-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays are too small
55
what is colour
colour is the experience of the receptors in our eyes binding with electrogmagnetic energy waves of light that we can see and of those lengths are different colours. colour does not actually exist in the world. it is an experience of sensation
56
what is temperature
your minds interpretation of kinetic energy
57
how is your experience of the world shaped
by the receptors you possess. if you don't have a specific receptor to match a molecule, wavelength etc, you won't smell a flower, see a colour
58
what are hertz
wavelengths of SOUND
59
what range of hertz can we hear
64-23,000 hertz
60
what is pitch
vibration
61
what is loudness
amplitude
62
what is pain
tissue damage
63
what is aroma
chemical shape
64
what is colour
wavelength
65
what is temperature
kinetic energy
66
what are wavelengths, kinetic energy, chemical shapes etc
physical world sensations
67
what are colours, aromas, pain etc
psychological world sensations
68
what is the signal detection theory and what are examples
a way to distinguish between sensitivity and bias when refs call try or no try and when doctors see a tumour or don't
69
what is the absolute threshold
the frequency human hearing depends on
70
what does discrimination threshold depend on
how bright/loud/big the original stimulus is
71
what are lumens
measure of brightness
72
what is the weber law
0.04
73
bottom up processing vs top down processing
bottom up - eating something for the first time when stimulus we've experienced influences how we process new ones this is top down processing
74
what is binocular disparity
because our eyes are at slightly different locations, the images seen in each retina is slightly different
75
what is somatosensation?
our ability to sense touch, temperature and pain,
76
what is the somatopic map?
how your brain believes the sizes of your body are depending on the sensitivity of the parts of the body
77
what is olfaction
smell
78
what is gustation
taste
79
what narrows the flow of information from perception into working memory
attention
80

COGS language revision (6 decks)

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