psych revision part 2

Question 1

what are executive functions

Answer 1

executive functions are a group cognitive skills needed for self control

Question 2

5 examples of executive functions

Answer 2

inhibition - restrain
task switching
working memory
planning
attention control

Question 3

whats one test that measures children’s executive function skills and what factors does it measure

Answer 3

marshmallow test - inhibition - ability to restrain and attention control - when focusing on something else to resist temptation - resisting temptation is a factor of self control

Question 4

when is the development advancement of EF

Answer 4

preschool years and adolescence

Question 5

what does the marshmallow test observe

Answer 5

delay of gratification

Question 6

children who held out showed what skills

Answer 6

better concentration, better coping with frustration and stress, better cognitive and social competence ratings

Question 7

what are the strategies for delay of gratification

Answer 7

attentional disengagement, mental distraction, distancing

Question 8

what helped children the most to resist temptation

Answer 8

imagining a picture frame around the marshmallow allowed them to disengage their attention from the marshmallow and it seemed less accessible

Question 9

what factors affect development of EF

Answer 9

culture , parenting, environment contingencies, brain maturing

Question 10

when is the critical window period

Answer 10

12-17 hours after hatching

Question 11

critical period

Answer 11

starts and ends ABRUPTLY, organism is extremely sensitive to external stimuli that are COMPULSORY in developing a particular skill, after period ends brain regions allocated to this skill will ADAPT to PERFORM DiFFERENT SKILL

Question 12

sensitive period

Answer 12

starts and ends GRADUALLY, after the period ends SKILL CAN STILL BE LEARNED just less efficiently,

Question 13

what is the function of attachment

Answer 13

to access food

Question 14

findings of Harlows studies of rhesus monkeys

Answer 14

spent more time with cloth mother regardless of who fed them, only soothed by cloth mother - evidence against feeding hypothesis

Question 15

dichotomies in attachment

Answer 15

nature vs nurture, universal vs individual differences, continuous vs discontinuous

Question 16

what are the stages of the formulation of human attachment

Answer 16

baby does not discriminate 0-2 months, baby begins to prefer certain people
2-7 months, attachment developed to primary caregiver 7-24 months, child is secure over prolonged periods 24 months onward

Question 17

theory of attachment

Answer 17

John bowlby
all or nothing process
innate behavioural system
goal is to get closer to caregiver as closer they get, greater their access to food is

Question 18

attachment behaviour is all about what

Answer 18

distress
- seperation distress
-different greeting reactions

Question 19

what predictions do infants make about their parents

Answer 19

how quickly they respond to needs, how likely they are to ignore infant, how likely they are to respond with anger, how likely they are to be unpredictable

Question 20

how do an infants caregivers actions affect their future relationships/beliefs

Answer 20

infants generalise how relationships should work, how they or others should act based on their parents

Question 21

what is infants generalising their parents behaviour an example of

Answer 21

inductive reasoning - using a specific observation to make a general conclusion

Question 22

what did Mary Ainsworth measure

Answer 22

the quality of attachment between the infant and their caregiver, based on their attachment style activated when distressed

Question 23

insecure avoidant development

Answer 23

parents consistently unresponsive to infants needs

Question 24

insecure resistant development

Answer 24

parents inconsistently responsive to infants needs

Question 25

insecure disorganised development

Answer 25

unsafe environment

Question 26

secure development

Answer 26

consistently and quickly responsive

Question 27

what are the cultural differences in executive function development

Answer 27

western = individualism
maori = collectivism

Question 28

what influences Maori development of certain cognitive skills

Answer 28

tikanga

Question 29

how is memory preserved in Maori and western societies

Answer 29

western - through writing - transcripts
maori - orally - waiata, haka, korero
story telling

Question 30

what do western psychological processes rely on

Answer 30

reductionist approaches -biomedical model is redunctionist
and analytical thinking

Question 31

what do maori psychological processes rely on

Answer 31

procedural knowledge, propositional

Question 32

what is matauranga maori

Answer 32

maori knowledge - can be seen as a branch of human philosophy

Question 33

whakawhanautanga

Answer 33

the physical enactment of connection

Question 34

what is the value of cultural knowledge in research

Answer 34

rich findings, enhances depth of research, ethical research, promotes research integrity and respect

Question 35

what is love?

Answer 35

an emotion. a virtue - a basis for people living in harmony and cooperation.
vulnerability and trust are required for relationships

Question 36

Christopher Peterson and marlin seligman on love as a virtue theory proposed what

Answer 36

values in action, inventory of strength
- 24 character virtues