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Psychological Assessment > Psychology Statistics Reviewer > Flashcards

Psychology Statistics Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of using statistics in psychological assessment?
A. To make subjective decisions
B. To objectively analyze and interpret data
C. To replace clinical judgement
D. To avoid using standardized tests

A

B. To objectively analyze and interpret data

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2
Q

Which measure of central tendency represents the value that occurs most frequent in a data set?

A

Mode

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

In psychological assessment, what does the term “reliability” refer to?
A. The accuracy of the assessment in measuring what it is supposed to measure
B. The consistency of measurement across different occasions
C. The extent to which the assessment is valid
D. The degree to which different assessments yield the same result

A

B. The consistency of measurement across different occasions.

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5
Q

What is the range of a dataset?

A

The difference between the highest and lowest values

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6
Q

Which statistical test is used to compare means between two independent groups?

A

Independent Samples T-test

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7
Q

In t-tests, _ compare scores on two different variables but for the same group of cases.

A

Paired-samples t-tests

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8
Q

In t-tests, _ compare scores on the same variable but for two different groups of cases.

A

independent-samples t-tests

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9
Q

What does the p-value represent in hypothesis testing?
A The probability of the null hypothesis being true
B. The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true
C. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
D. The effect size of the test

A

B. The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true

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10
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of +0.85 indicate?
A. A strong negative relationship between variables
B. A strong positive relationship between variables
C. No relationship between variables
D. A weak relationship between variables

A

B. A strong positive relationship between variables

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of validity?
A. Content validity
B. Criterion validity
C Construct validity
D. Statistical validity

A

Statistical Validity

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12
Q

In validity, what validity answers the following question:
“Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?”?

A

Construc Validity

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13
Q

In validity, what validity answers the following question:
“Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?”?

A

Content Validity

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14
Q

In validity, what validity answers the following question:
Does the content of the test appear to be suitable to its aims?

A

Face Validity

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15
Q

In validity, what validity answers the following question:
Do the results accurately measure the concrete outcome they are designed to measure?

A

Criterion Validity

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a confidence interval?
A. To estimate the range within which the population parameter is likely to fall
B. To determine the sample size required for a study
C. To test the hypothesis about a population mean
D. To calculate the exact value of the population parameter

A

A. To estimate the range within which the population parameter is likely to fall

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17
Q

Which term describes the variability of data points around the mean?

A

Standard Deviation

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18
Q

A psychologist administers a test to a group of participants and finds a mean score of 70 with a standard deviation of 10. What is the range of scores if the lowest score is 50?

A

50 to 90

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19
Q

A researcher is testing the effectiveness of a new therapy on anxiety levels. If the p-value obtained from the test is 0.04, what can be inferred at the 0.05 significance level?

A

The result is statistically significant

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20
Q

In a study examining the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance, a correlation coefficient of -0.45 is found. What does this indicate?
A. A strong positive relationship
B. A weak positive relationship
C. A moderate negative relationship
D. No relationship

A

C. A moderate negative relationship

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21
Q

Which statistical method would be most appropriate to analyze the impact of multiple factors (e.g., therapy type, duration, and therapist experience) on client improvement scores?

A

Multiple regression analysis

22
Q

A new psychological test is administered to the same group of individuals on two different occasions. The results are highly similar each time. What does this indicate about the test?
A. High validity
B. High reliability
C. High content validity
D. High construct validity

A

B. High reliability

23
Q

If a test has high internal consistency, what does this imply?

A

All items on the test measure the same construct consistently

24
Q

Which measure would best describe the distribution of test scores if the scores are heavily skewed?

A

Median

25
Q

In a clinical study, if an effect size is calculated to be 0.3, what does this typically indicate about the practical significance of the results?
A. A large practical effect
B. A small practical effect
C. No practical effect
D. A moderate practical effect

A

B. A small practical effect

26
Q

When comparing test scores between two groups where the scores are not normally distributed, which statistical test is more appropriate?

A

Mann-Whiteney U test

27
Q

In a psychological assessment study, you notice that the results show a significant interaction effect between two variables. What should be your next step?
A. Report the main effects only
B. Explore the nature of the interaction effect further
C. Ignore the interaction effect
D. Combine the variables into a single measure

A

B. Explore the nature of the interaction effect further

28
Q

A psychologist is developing a new assessment tool and wants to ensure it measures the intended psychological construct. Which type of validity should they focus on?

A

Construct Validity

29
Q

What is the primary goal of conducting a power analysis before a study?
A. To determine the effect size
B. To estimate the sample size needed
C. To validate the measurement instrument
D. To check the reliability of the data

A

D. To check the reliability of the data

30
Q

If you are conducting a longitudinal study and need to measure changes over time, which statistical method is most appropriate?

A

Repeated Measures ANOVA

31
Q

In psychological testing, if a test shows a high score but does not predict future behavior or outcomes, this indicates:
A. High predictive validity
B. Low content validity
C. High construct validity
D. Low criterion-related validity

A

D. Low criterion-related validity

32
Q

What is a type II error in hypothesis testing?

A

False negative. Failing to reject (or accepting) the null hypothesis when it is false.

33
Q

What is a type I error in hypothesis testing?

A

False positive. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

34
Q

A type _ error () occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population. A type _ error () occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.

A

I, false positive, II, false negative

35
Q

A test’s items are reviewed to ensure they represent all aspects of the construct being measured. What aspect of validity is being assessed?

A

Content Validity

36
Q

If the results of a test show a high degree of variability among participants, what does this suggest about the test scores?
A. The test has low reliability
B. The test has high reliability
C. The test is consistent across different settings
D. The test is measuring a specific trait consistently

A

A. The test has low reliability

37
Q

In a study where you find that an effect is statistically significant but has a very small effect size, what can you infer?
A. The result is practically significant
B. The result is not practically significant
C. The result is likely due to a large sample size
D. The result is not statistically significant

A

B. The result is not practically significant.

38
Q

A psychologist uses a test that scores individuals on a scale from 1 to 10. If the test scores are normally distributed, what percentage of scores should fall between 2 and 8?
A. Approximately 68%
B. Approximately 95%
C. Approximately 99%
D. Approximately 50%

A

B. Approximately 95%

39
Q

What does the term “effect size” refer to in psychological research?

A

The magnitude of the difference or relationship

40
Q

Which type of statistical analysis would you use to determine if there is a significant difference in scores between three different therapy approaches?

A

One-way ANOVA

41
Q

In assessing test reliability, which method involves comparing scores from two different forms of the test administered to the same group?

A

Alternate forms reliability

42
Q

A study reports a correlation coefficient of 0.0 between two variables. What does this suggest?

A

No linear relationship

43
Q

If a psychological assessment tool has a high degree of sensitivity, what does it mean?
A. The tool accurately identifies those without the condition
B. The tool accurately identifies those with the condition
C. The tool has a high degree of internal consistency
D. The tool has high predictive validity

A

The tool accurately identifies those with the condition

44
Q

What type of data distribution would you expect if a test scores are equally distributed across all possible values?

A

Uniform distribution

45
Q

If an assessment tool has high criterion-related validity, what does this imply?
A. The tool measures the construct it intends to measure
B. The tool correlates well with an external criterion
C. The tool’s items cover all aspects of the construct
D. The tool performs consistently across different test administrations

A

The tool correlates well with an external criterion

46
Q

Which term refers to the degree to which an assessment tool can differentiate between individuals who have different levels of the trait being measured?

A

Discriminant Validity

47
Q

A psychologist wants to assess whether there are differences in job satisfaction among employees at three different companies. Which statistical test should be used?

A

One-way ANOVA

48
Q

In a psychological study, if the results are not statistically significant, what does it generally mean?
A. The null hypothesis is likely true
B. There is no relationship between the variables
C. The sample size was too small
D. The results are practically insignificant

A

A. The null hypothesis is likely true

49
Q

What is the primary purpose of using a scatterplot in psychological research?
A. To show the distribution of a single variable
B. To illustrate the relationship between two continuous variables
C. To display categorical data
D. To compare means across multiple groups

A

B. To illustrate the relationship between two continuous variables

50
Q

What does a bell curve represent?

A

Normal Distribution

Psychological Assessment (6 decks)

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