Introduction to Psychological Assessment Flashcards
_ is the gathering and integrating of psychological data for psychological evaluation, through the use of tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.
Psychological Assessment
_ is the measuring of psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain samples of behavior.
Psychological Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Objective: Typically, to obtain gauge, usually numerical in nature, with regard to an ability or attribute
Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Objective: Typically, to answer a referral question, solve a problem, or arrive at a decision through the use of tools o evaluation.
Assessment
What is being described in the statement:
Process: _ may be individual or group in nature. After test administration, the tester will typically add up the number of correct answers or the number of certain types of responses… with little if any regard for the how or mechanics of such content.
Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Process: _ is typically individualized. It more typically focuses on how an individual processes rather than simply the results of that processing.
Assessment
What is being described in the statement:
Role of Evaluator
The evaluator is not key to the process; practically speaking, one evaluator may be substituted for another without appreciably affecting the evaluation.
Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Role of Evaluator:
The evaluator is key to the process of selecting tests and/or other tools of evaluation as well as in drawing conclusions from the entire evaluation.
Assessment
What is being described in the statement:
Skill of Evaluator:
_ typically requires technician-like skills in terms of administering and scoring a test as well as interpreting a test result.
Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Skill of Evaluator:
_ typically requires an educated selection of tools of evaluation, skill in evaluation, and thoughtful organization and integration of data.
Assessment
What is being described in the statement:
Outcome:
Typically, _ yields a test score or series of test scores.
Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Outcome:
Typically, _ entails a logical problem-solving approach that brings to bear many sources of data designed to shed light on a referral question.
Assessment
_ is an informed, scientific idea developed or generated to describe or explain behavior.; assumption that constructs can be measured.
Psychological Construct
_ are enormously varied in their formats and applications.
Tests
The tests have the following defining features: _, _, _, _, and _.
- Standardized procedure
- Behavior sample
- Scores or categories
- Norms or standards
- Prediction of non-test behavior
What feature of a test is described:
A test is considered to be _ if the procedures for administering it are uniform from one examiner and setting to another.
Standard Procedure
What feature of a test is described:
Practical constrains dictate that a test is only a sample of behavior. Yet, the sample of behavior is of interest only insofar as it permits the examiner to make inferences about the total domain of relevant behaviors.
Behavior Sample
What feature of a test is described:
In most cases, all people are assumed to possess the trait or characteristic being measured, albeit in different amounts.
Scores or categories
What feature of a test is described:
An examinee’s test score is usually interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test.
Norms or standards
What feature of a test is described:
The ultimate purpose of a test is to predict additional behaviors, other than those directly sampled by the test. The ability of a test to _ is determined by an extensive body of validational research, most of which is conducted after the test is released.
Prediction of Non-test Behavior
In a _, the objective is to determine where the examine stands with respect very tightly defined educational objectives.
criterion-referenced test
What are the different kinds of tests?
Intelligence Tests
Aptitude Tests
Achievement Tests
Creativity Tests
Personality Tests
Interest Inventories
Behavioral Procedures
Neuropsychological Tests
_ measure an individual’s ability in relatively global areas such as verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, or reasoning and thereby help determine potential for scholastic work or certain occupations.
Intelligence Tests
_ refer to a test that yields an overall summary score based on results from a heterogeneous sample of items.
Intelligence Tests
_ measure the capability for a relatively specific task or type of skill; _ are, in effect, a narrow form of ability testing.
Aptitude Tests
_ are often used to predict success in an occupation, training course, or educational endeavor, such as SAT.
Aptitude Tests
_ measure a person’s degree of learning, success, or accomplishment in a subject or task.
Achievement Tests
_ assess novel, original thinking and the capacity to find unusual or unexpected solutions, especially for vaguely defined problems.
Creativity Tests
_ measure the traits, qualities, or behaviors that determine a person’s individuality; such tests include checklists, inventories, and projective techniques such as sentence completions and inkblots.
Personality Tests
_ measure an individual’s preference for certain activities or topics and thereby help determine occupational choice.
Interest Inventories
_ are based on the explicit assumption that interest patterns determine and, therefore, also predict job satisfaction.
Interest Inventories
_ objectively describe and count the frequency of a behavior, identifying the antecedents and consequences of the behavior.
Behavioral Procedures
_ measure cognitive, sensory, perceptual, and motor performance to determine the extent, locus, and behavioral consequences of brain damage.
Neuropsychological Tests
_ is assigning a person to one category rather than another; placement, screening, certification, and selection
Classification
Diagnosis consists of two intertwined tasks: _ and _.
determining the nature and source of a person’s abnormal behavior and classifying the behavior pattern within an accepted diagnostic system.
Diagnosis should be more than mere _, more than the assignment of a _.
Classification, label
Psychological tests also can supply a potent source of _. In some cases, the feedback a person receives from psychological tests can change a career path or otherwise alter a person’s life course.
self-knowledge
What are the factors influencing the soundness of testing?
Manner of administration
Characteristics of the tester,
Context of the testing,
Motivation and experience of the examinee,
Method of scoring.
_ means a comfortable, warm atmosphere that serves to motivate examinees and elicit cooperation.
Rapport
_ causes bad performance and then results in anxiety again v.s. bad performance history causes anxiety
Test Anxiety
What is being described in the statement:
Try to help the disable subject overcome his disadvantage, such as increasing voice volume or refer to other available tests
Sensitivity to Disabilities
What is being described in the statement:
Be careful for time, clarity, physical condition (illumination, temperature, humidity, writing surface and noise), and guess.
Desirable Procedures of Group Testing
What is being described in the statement:
Assessment should serve a constructive purpose for the individual examinee. With certain worry-prone and self-doubting clients, a psychologist may choose not to use an appropriate test, since these clients are almost certain to engage in self-destructive misinterpretation of virtually any test findings.
Best Interest of Client
What is being described in the statement:
The clinician should consider the client’s welfare in deciding whether to release information, especially when the client is a minor who is unable to give voluntary, informed consent.
Confidentiality and the Duty to Warn
What is being described in the statement:
A common error observed among inexperienced test users is the overzealous, pathologized interpretation of personality test results.
Expertise of the Test User
What is being described in the statement:
From a legal standpoint, the three elements of _ include disclosure, competency, and voluntariness.
informed consent
_ means the client receive sufficient information, such as risks, benefits, release of reports.
_ refers to the mental capacity of the examinee to provide consent.
_ implies that the choice to undergo an assessment battery is given freely and not based on subtle coercion.
Disclosure
Competency
Voluntariness
_ means “usual, customary or reasonable” in professional or legal review of specific health practices, including psychological testing
Standard of Care
Using _ might violate the prevailing standard of care.
Obsolete Tests
What is being described in the statement:
Typically use simple and direct writing that steers clear of jargon and technical terms.
Responsible Test Writing
What is being described in the statement:
Proper and effective feedback involves give-and-take dialogue in which the clinician ascertains how the client has perceived the information and seeks to correct potentially harmful interpretations.
Communication of Test Results
The three most important characteristics for a test are:
Reliability, objectivity and validity
A minimal coefficient for testing is _.
.70
