History of Psychological Assessment Flashcards
The purpose of assessment is to identify _, _, _, and _.
mental health issues, cognitive abilities, personality trait, educational placement
_ involves the use of tests, interviews, and observations to measure ad evaluate behavior, cognition, and emotions.
Psychological Assessment
In Ancient Civilizations, the earliest known systematic forms of assessment were the _ in China (2000 BCE), which tested candidates on competence and morality for government positions.
Civil Service Exams
In ancient civilizations, assessments focused on _, _, _, and _.
subjects like law, military strategy, agriculture, and Confucian philosophy.
_ (1500 BCE - 300 BCE) proposed theories about intelligence, memory, and personality.
Early Greeks
_ used methods to assess individuals for educational purposes, focusing on memorization and rhetoric.
Egyptians
In phrenology (late 1700s - Early 1800s), _’s theory suggested that bumps on the skull reflect personality traits.
Franz Joseph Gall
Though _ was discredited, it was the first attempt to link physical traits with psychological characteristics.
Phrenology
In physiognomy (19th century), _’s ideas are presented as the study of facial features to determine personality.
Johann Lavater
While _ was pseudoscience, it contributed to early thought on linking physical and psychological attributes.
Physiognomy
_ (1822 - 1911) studied human intelligence and sensory capacities. He used reaction time tests and questionnaires to measure intelligence.
Francis Galton
_ coined the phrase ‘nature versus nurture’.
Francis Galton
Francis Galton developed the _ and introduced the concept of _ in psychological testing.
correlation coefficient;
normal distribution
_ developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to identify children needing educational assistance in France.
Binet-Simon Scale
_ focused on mental age, assessing memory attention, and problem-solving skills and is considered the foundation of modern IQ tests.
Binet-Simon Scale
_’s work introduced the idea of age-related intelligence norms and led to future developments in intelligence testing.
Binet
_ revised the Binet-Simon scare to create the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and established norms for intelligence in the U.S. population.
Lewis Terman
The _ became the gold standard for intelligence testing and was widely used in schools and clinial settings.
Stanford-Binet
Lewis Terman introduced the Intelligence Quotient formula: _.
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100
The American Psychological Association, during World War I, developed Mass Testing for the Military, to assess recruits’ _ and _ fitness.
intellectual, emotional
In the Mass Testing for the Military, _ was a verbal test for literate recruits and _ was a non-verbal for illiterate or non-English-speaking recruits.
Army Alpha;
Army Beta
_ is the first large-scale psychological testing, leading to the widespread use of standardized testing in other areas (education, employment).
Mass Testing for the Military
_ is developed Hermann _ to study unconscious aspects of personality.
Rorschach Inkblot Test (1921;
Rorschach
_ used inkblots to elicit responses that reveal hidden thoughts and feelings.
Rorschach Inkblot Test (1921)
_ is created by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley to assess personality structure and psychopathology and is widely used in clinical psychology to diagnose mental health disorders.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (1943)
_ is developed by David _ to measure intelligence in adults and is focused on different cognitive areas (verbal and performance IQ) rather than a single IQ score.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (1955);
Wechsler
_ is developed by David _, adapted for assessing cognitive abilities in children.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (1955)
Wechsler
_ shifted IQ test from being single-scored to being assessments considering different cognitive abilities.
Wechsler Scales
_ aim to explore the unconscious mind through open-ended tasks.
Projective Techniques (Mid-20th Century)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Sentence Completion Tests are examples of _.
Projective Techniques (Mid-20th Century)
_ is developed from the rise of behaviorism and focuses on observable behavior, often through direct observation or structure tasks
Behavioral Asessments
_ shows the advances in brain science where the focus shifted to assessing cognitive impairments due to brain injury.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Tests like Halstead-Reitan Battery and Luria-Nebraska Neuropyschological Battery are examples of _.
Neuropsychological Assessments
The _ focuses on the assessment of memory, attention, problem-solving, and executive functions in individuals with brain damage or neurological conditions.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Technological Advancements introduced _, _, and _.
computer-based testing, adaptive testing, and online assessments
Advancements in Cognitive and Emotional Testing produced new tests for assessing conditions such as _, _. and _.
ADHD, autism, learning disabilities
_ integrated tools like fMRI and EEG which is used alongside traditional tests to assess brain function.
Neuroimaging
In the ethical and cultural considerations, _ in testing based on cultural, racial, and socio-economic differences may arise.
bias
In the ethical and cultural considerations, there exist historical issues with the misuse of intelligence tests for _ and _.
eugenics, discrimination
The modern-day focus of testing is for tests to be _ and to be more inclusive and equitable.
Culturally fair
The Current Trends and Future Directions of Assessments are: _, _, and _.
Artificial Intelligence in Assessment, Virtual Reality and Gamification, Cross-Cultural and Inclusive Testing
