Psychology/Sociology Chapter 7: Motivation, Attitude, and Personality

Question 1

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 1

refers to the range of tasks a learner can perform with the guidance and assistance of a more knowledgeable individual (e.g., a teacher or peer) but cannot yet accomplish independently, representing the potential for cognitive growth.

Question 2

Freudian psychic apparatus that is unconscious

Answer 2

all have unconscious aspects

Question 3

Elaboration likehood model of persuasion

Answer 3

a psychological theory developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo to explain how people process and respond to persuasive messages.

Question 4

Erikson Stage 1(infancy) 0-1

Answer 4

Question 5

Erikson Stage 2 (Early Childhood) 1-3

Answer 5

Question 6

Erikson Stage (Play age) 3-6

Answer 6

Question 7

Erikson Stage (School age) 6 -12

Answer 7

Question 8

Erikson Stage (Adolescence) - 12 - 20

Answer 8

Question 9

Erikson Stage: Early Adulthood 20 - 40

Answer 9

Question 10

Erikson Stage: Middle Age (40-65)

Answer 10

Question 11

Erikson Stage: old age 65 - death

Answer 11

Question 12

House money effect

Answer 12

individual risk-taking behavior is affected by prior gains and losses. They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk because the new money is not treated as one’s own.

Question 13

Cooley’s Looking Glass Self

Answer 13

The looking-glass self is a theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that describes how people develop their self-image based on how they think others see them

Question 14

Egocentric bias

Answer 14

tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is.

Question 15

attributional bias

Answer 15

is a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors

Question 16

Framing bias

Answer 16

(or the framing effect) is one of many factors which affect a person’s decisions. Just like how a picture may be framed in many different ways to change the viewer’s impression, the way an option or decision is presented to a person will change how they feel about it and influence their likelihood to make a particular choice.

Question 17

Are inter neurons efferent or afferent?

Answer 17

NEITHER.

found entirely within the spinal cord, so it travels neither away (efferent) nor toward (afferent) the spinal cord.

Question 18

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to overestimate dispositional influences of another person’s behavior (like saying the student is stupid or lazy) while underestimating situational influences (like the actual difficulty of the test).

Question 19

Embryonic development steps

Answer 19

Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Neurulation

Question 20

Morula

Answer 20

16 cell ball

Question 21

Blastocyst

Answer 21

fluid-filled sac in the middle

Question 22

Gastrula

Answer 22

3 germ layers present