Psychology/Sociology Chapter 7: Motivation, Attitude, and Personality Flashcards
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
refers to the range of tasks a learner can perform with the guidance and assistance of a more knowledgeable individual (e.g., a teacher or peer) but cannot yet accomplish independently, representing the potential for cognitive growth.
Freudian psychic apparatus that is unconscious
all have unconscious aspects
Elaboration likehood model of persuasion
a psychological theory developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo to explain how people process and respond to persuasive messages.
Erikson Stage 1(infancy) 0-1
Erikson Stage 2 (Early Childhood) 1-3
Erikson Stage (Play age) 3-6
Erikson Stage (School age) 6 -12
Erikson Stage (Adolescence) - 12 - 20
Erikson Stage: Early Adulthood 20 - 40
Erikson Stage: Middle Age (40-65)
Erikson Stage: old age 65 - death
House money effect
individual risk-taking behavior is affected by prior gains and losses. They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk because the new money is not treated as one’s own.
Cooley’s Looking Glass Self
The looking-glass self is a theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that describes how people develop their self-image based on how they think others see them
Egocentric bias
tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is.
attributional bias
is a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors
Framing bias
(or the framing effect) is one of many factors which affect a person’s decisions. Just like how a picture may be framed in many different ways to change the viewer’s impression, the way an option or decision is presented to a person will change how they feel about it and influence their likelihood to make a particular choice.
Are inter neurons efferent or afferent?
NEITHER.
found entirely within the spinal cord, so it travels neither away (efferent) nor toward (afferent) the spinal cord.
Fundamental attribution error
Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to overestimate dispositional influences of another person’s behavior (like saying the student is stupid or lazy) while underestimating situational influences (like the actual difficulty of the test).
Embryonic development steps
Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Neurulation
Morula
16 cell ball
Blastocyst
fluid-filled sac in the middle
Gastrula
3 germ layers present
What is Internalization in Vygotsky’s Theory?
Internalization is the process of learning in which the values are embedded and become part of the individual’s moral behavior.
Hawthorne effect
named after an observational study of workers in the Hawthorne factory, refers to the tendency for observational research participant behavior to change when they know they are being observed
Thomas theorem
argues that individual beliefs have real consequences
A classic example is the 1929 Stock Market Crash:
1. Investors started believing that stock prices would fall. 2. This belief led them to panic and sell their stocks. 3. The selling frenzy actually caused stock prices to drop dramatically. 4. The market crashed, reinforcing the original belief.
Kolhberg’s Moral Reasoning
Preconventional, conventional and postconventional
involves being able to take another person’s perspective
Theory of mind
Personality theory centered on the use of free will and achieving self-fulfillment
Humanistic perspective
innate but not necessary for survival motives
stimulus motives
stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept.
Self-verification
making situational attributions for personally experienced negative outcomes and dispositional ones for positive outcomes
the self-serving bias.
External motivation vs extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.
refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self.
Incongruence
occurs when positive impressions regarding a target person or an object affects how the target is judged in different domains (for instance, judging an attractive individual as being generous).
Halo effect
