Psychology/Sociology Chapter 6: Emotion, Stress, Memory, and Learning Flashcards
James Langer Theory of emotion
asserts that emotions start from the body (physiological arousal) and that those bodily sensations cause our emotions.
Source Monitoring
refers to a subject’s ability to retrieve the details of the situation extant when memory items were encoded. More specifically, when some additional information is introduced after the original encoding, this post-event information can be mistakenly included in recall of the original event, leading to a misinformation effect.
Spreading activation theory
suggests that, when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. Thus, people often retrieve unpresented members of a category when tested on their memory for a series of presented concepts from that category.
Misinformation effects
refer to memory errors (usually errors of commission), in which some information introduced and encoded after the target information is retrieved along with some portions of the target information. In such cases, the subject usually has trouble identifying which retrieved information had been originally encoded and which information was introduced subsequently, a situation known as source confusion.
The reticular formation (RF)
deep in the brainstem, is concerned with functions involving arousal, particularly the sleep-wake cycle, and attention.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
an organism’s stress response always follows a similar course, regardless of the exact nature of the stressor.
Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning = Pavlov’s dogs (conditioned stimulus and response)
Operant conditioning = reinforcement and punishment
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
asserts that the physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of an emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate and independent of one another
key is SIMULTANEOUS
reducing the prompts in operant conditioning is called what
fading
reducing the frequency of reward in operation conditioning is called what
thinning
retrograde amnesia
describes the inability to remember previous events
anterograde amnesia
refers to the inability to form new memories.
Unconditioned stimulus elicits an
automatic response. Always elicits the unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulis
is typically neutral
generalization
is a concept in classical conditioning where additional stimuli elicit the same conditioned response
General Adaption Syndrome
Describe chronic stress leading to burn out
7 Universal Emotions
resource model of attention
asserts that people can pay attention to multiple stimuli if the brain has sufficient resources available and it does not shift resources to the unimportant task (i.e., the music). Task switching costs occur when performance on a task suffers due to the increased effort added in shifting attention.
Echoic memory vs iconic memory
Echoic = auditory memory
Iconic = visual memory
Difference between fixed ratio and fixed interval
Fixed ratio (FR) is set-based, while fixed interval (FI) is time-based.
Escape vs avoidance learning
Escape learning is a reaction to terminate an ongoing, unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning is when a signal is given before the unpleasant stimulus, allowing you to avoid the situation.
Shadowing
Immediate repetition (recognition-based learning)
punishment
is intended to discourage a behavior from being repeated
posits that emotions are based on a physiological stimulus which the mind then puts into a particular context. Processing the context of the stimulus creates the emotion experienced.
Schachter-Singer
posits that emotions are the result of autonomic arousal causing the particular emotion experienced.
James-Langer
asserts that the physiological arousal and subjective experience occur simultaneously and independently as a result of subcortical brain activity.
Cannon Bard
Difference between neutral, unconditioned and signalling stimuli
Eidetic memory
is the ability to recall an image from memory with a high degree of accuracy
Flashbulb Memory
The subjectively vivid, compelling memories of details associated with reception of news about emotionally arousing events are referred to as flashbulb memories.
Episodic Memory
memory for personally experienced events
is memory for facts and knowledge
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
is memory for motor skills and habits
Shaping
is when a complex behavior is learned via successive acquisition of simpler behaviors
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both examples of
associative learning
error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events.
Base rate fallacy
occurs when a researcher’s expectations, beliefs, or subjective interpretation influence the recording or analysis of data, leading to systematic errors.
Observer bias
suggests that people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category.
labelling theory
Explain the classical conditioning steps
1)
1) Before conditioning (unconditioned stimulus)
2) Before conditioning (neutral stimulus)
3) During conditioning
4) After conditioning
A discriminative stimulus (SD)
is a cue or signal that tells an individual when a specific behavior will lead to a particular outcome or reinforcement. For example, a green traffic light is an SD for drivers to proceed through an intersection.
Difference between discriminative stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).
Overextension
refers to the initial stage(s) of grammatical (i.e., syntactic) development.
Bootstrapping
rapid increase in word learning that typically happens in toddlers.
Naming explosion
