Psychology/Sociology Flashcards
1
Q
social loafing
A
members of group decrease pace of work with intention of letting other group members work harder
2
Q
- prejudice
- discrimination
- stereotype
A
- prejudice: attitude
- discrimination: behavior/action
- stereotype: cognition/belief
3
Q
looking-glass self
A
- identity develops through mirror of social interactions
- based on perception of how others view us
4
Q
manifest and latent function
A
manifest-intended purpose of action
latent-unintended purpose of action
5
Q
functionalism
A
society is always trying to stabilize
6
Q
medicalization of deviance vs demedicalization
A
medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a ‘bad’ behavior into a ‘sick’ behavior. Conversely, demedicalization is the normalization of a ‘sick’ behavior
7
Q
life course theory
A
interdisciplinary theory that seeks to understand the multiple factors that shape people’s lives from birth to death, placing individual and family development in cultural and historical contexts
8
Q
I vs me
A
I-response to social self (individual identity- spontaneous and autonomous part)
me-social self (society view- interaction with others and with the general social environment)
9
Q
reciprocal altruism
A
short-term fitness sacrifices with the purpose of enhancing one’s own long-term fitness (by increasing another organism’s fitness)
10
Q
tragedy of commons
A
acting in one’s own self-interest is contrary to the interests of the group as a whole
11
Q
function of neuropeptide Y
A
inhibit feeding circuit blocking satiety
-increase appetite
12
Q
temperament
A
made up of innate aspects of a person’s character that persist over a person’s lifetime
13
Q
difference between repression and suppression
A
repression-unconscious process of pushing thoughts and feelings away
suppression-conscious process of pushing thoughts into the unconscious
14
Q
Cluster A
A
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
15
Q
Cluster B
A
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
16
Q
Cluster C
A
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive compulsive personality disorder
17
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
mind processes the whole of a perception rather than the sum of its parts
18
Q
law of pragnanz
A
reduce reality to its simplest form
19
Q
parvo pathway
A
focus on spatial resolution and color (fine details)
20
Q
magno pathway
A
focus on encoding motion (temporal resolution)
21
Q
Base of the cochlea includes (low/high) frequency sounds and apex includes (low/high) frequency
A
base-high
apex-low
22
Q
What forms the border between the outer and middle ear?
A
tympanic membrane
23
Q
What forms the border between the middle and inner ear?
A
oval window
24
Q
Difference between proprioception and kinesthesis
A
proprioception- sense of the position of the body in space
kinesthesis- sense of movement of the body (motion) and uses neurons located in the muscles, joints, and tendons
25
From gustation, which of the following use g-protein coupled receptors and which use ion channels?
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- umami
- GPCR: sweet, umami, bitter
| - ion channels: sour, salty
26
Which sensation does not synapse in the thalamus before higher processing?
Olfaction
27
Sleep cycle stages
N1> N2> N3> N2> REM> N1
28
activation-synthesis model
dreams are caused by the physiological processes of the brain
29
primary role of hypocretin (orexin)
control sleep and arousal
30
availability heuristic
decision making heuristic where choices are based on quick, easily accessible examples
31
representativeness heuristic
decision’s probability is judged based on how similar or representative the aspect is to a specific person, group, or population and the degree that it reflects the features of the population as a whole (matching prototypes)
32
concurrent validity
how well a test matches up with a benchmark test
33
assimilation vs accomodation
- assimilation-take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or world view
- accommodation- occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas.
34
conjunction fallacy
mistaken belief that the combination of 2 events is more likely than 1 of the 2 events alone
35
conduction aphasia
difficulties with repetition in the arcuate fasciculus
36
Lazarus theory
- interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously
- involves consciously labeling an emotion and then subsequently experiencing it
37
Cannon-Bard theory
- an event which elicits simultaneous physiological response and perception of an emotion
- physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently
38
Schachter-Singer theory
- an event which simultaneously elicits a physiological response and an interpretation of the event
- interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition
- physiological arousal > cognitive appraisal > experience emotion
39
James-Lange theory
an event followed by a physiological response which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived
40
ambient stressor
negative conditions embedded in the environment
41
homophily
tendency for people to choose relationships with others who have similar attributes
42
social process model
social interaction and influence in shaping behaviors or actions
43
fusiform gyrus
part of visual system in the brain and play a role in high level visual processing and recognition
44
exchange-rational choice theory
decisions made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of a problem and proceed to make a rational choice
45
internal validity
extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome
46
opponent process theory (emotion)
motivation that stems from the contrasts in opposite stimuli (ex: pain and pleasure)
47
nominal and ordinal variable
- nominal variable- categorical and can't be ranked in order (ex: different eye colors)
- ordinal variable-categorical and ranked in order (education experience)
48
Top-down processing
relies on background knowledge, learning & expectations to influence what is perceived
49
Bottom-up processing
relies on stimulus to influence what we perceive (data driven & perception directs cognition)
50
The visual field is broken down and results in light from the left visual field hitting the (temporal/nasal) side of the left eye and the (temporal/nasal) side of the right eye, and eventually being interpreted by the (left/right) hemisphere in the brain.
nasal; temporal; right
51
structures of a ray of light passing through as it enters the eye
conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina
52
(T/F) Fovea has great temporal and spatial resolution.
False- fovea only has great spatial resolution (poor temporal resolution-hard to detect light and changes in light)
53
Organ of Corti
responsible for transducing fluid movement within in the cochlea into an electrical impulse
54
labeled lines model
particular taste receptors will send dedicated axonal projects to a particular part of the brain
55
inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
inductive- thinking about specific situations and applying that information to broad principles
deductive- thinking about broad principles and applying that information to specific situations
56
epigenetics
heritable changes in gene activity not caused by changes in DNA sequences
57
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
variable-ratio
58
fertility vs fecundity
fertility- # of children average women bears
| fecundity- # of children women capable of bearing
59
diathesis-stress model
biological predispositions interact with environmental factors to result in disease
60
sandwich generation
generation caring for aging parents and supporting own children at the same time
61
'graying' of the world
median age continues to rise globally
62
semicircular canals vs otoliths
semicircular canals-rotational movement
| otolith-linear acceleration
63
anchoring bias
Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving
64
hindsight bias
Belief that the event just experienced was predictable
65
availability bias
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
66
anomie
feelings of social disconnection that result from weak communal bonds and rapidly changing norms
67
Demographic transition
economic changes, specifically industrialization, affect the relationship between the fertility and mortality rates in a society
68
ethnographic research
observing social interactions in real social settings
69
actor-observer bias
actor’s tendency to explain his/her own behavior by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor’s behavior by internal stable traits
70
Dyad/triad is more stable
triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship between the other two become strained
71
iron law of oligarchy
political theory which claims that rule by an elite is inevitable as an iron law within any democratic organization as part of the tactical and technical necessities of organization
72
cognitive dissonance theory
individual’s attitudes are incongruent with his or her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance. To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around
73
mixed-methods study
Bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods
74
Main difference between symbolic interactionism and social functionalism?
symbolic interaction- small scale sociological perspective
social functionalism-large scale (deal with manifest and latent functions and not concerned with micro-level interactions of individuals)
75
intersectionality
describes multiple interconnected social identities (gender, age, race, class)
76
labeling theory
- labeled as deviant, more likely to increase deviance
| - (suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior and can increase stigma)
77
difference between fundamental attribution error vs actor-observer bias
fundamental attribution error fails to account for own attributions for own behavior
78
elaboration likelihood model
when person uninterested in message, superficial factors might be more persuasive
79
absolute threshold
intensity value where person can detect stimulus 50% of the time
80
(T/F) difference threshold and just noticeable difference are the same
true-smallest difference between 2 stimuli a person can detect 50% of the time
81
sublimation (psychoanalytic theory)
turn unacceptable thoughts/behaviors into productive ones (ex: take up martial arts to vent anger)
82
dishabituation
renewed response to previous habituated stimulus
83
difference between escape learning and avoidance learning
escape learning- current undesired stimulus removed
avoidance learning-future undesired stimulus prevented
*escape learning becomes avoidance when organism prevents coming into contact with undesired stimulus
84
proximal stimulus vs distal stimulus
- proximal-stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina)
- distal- object in external world
85
incentive theory of motivation
motivation for behaviors due to extrinsic (external) rewards, rather than internal rewards or biological drives
86
cultural vs social capital
cultural-social mobility gained from knowledge, skills, education
social-social mobility gained from social networks and ties
87
Social cognitive theory
behaviors are learned through observing others and modeling their actions
88
examples of implicit memory
priming and procedural memory
89
Baby Boomer generation
(post–World War II generation) main sociohistorical factor that explains the projection in the passage about the increasing share of the population over 65 years of age
90
schemas
organized clusters of knowledge
| *presumed to indicate the participant’s implicit attitude during IAT task
91
cognitive component of an attitude
identifies beliefs and idea
92
interference
when one memory interferes with another
93
Thomas theorem
if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences
94
incidence vs prevalence
- incidence- number of new cases
| - prevalence-how common disease is
95
prospective memory
involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
96
structural mobility
changes in stratification hierarchy itself. It is a vertical movement of a specific group, class or occupation relative to others in the stratification system
97
Which neurotransmitter is associated with aggression?
serotonin
98
affinal vs consanguineal kinship
affinal- based on marriage
| consanguineal- genetically related
99
spatial inequalility
uneven distribution of wealth and resources across a geographic area
100
Erik Erikson theory of personality
personality shaped by social interaction throughout a lifetime
101
false consciousness
way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation
102
cultural transmission
pass knowledge and values to next generation
103
Incongruence
unpleasant feelings can result from a discrepancy between our perceived and ideal self
104
stereopsis
perception of depth that arises from integrated information from both eyes
105
phi phenomenon
illusion that is visual in nature, which causes an observer or viewer to distinguish and perceive movement in stationary objects
106
Social Disorganization Theory
suggests a person’s residential location is more significant than the person’s characteristics when predicting criminal activity
107
Malthusian theory of population growth
population increase exponentially while resources increase at slower rate
108
trait theory
consistent and accurate behavior over time
| *don't consider situational factors
109
Type 1 error (false positive) vs Type 2 error (false negative)
Type 1: falsely conclude there is a difference
| Type 2: falsely conclude no difference
