Chemistry & Organic Chemistry Flashcards by R H

Changing the number of neutrons creates (ion/isotope/different element); changing the number of electrons create (ion/isotope/different element); changing the number of protons creates (ion/isotope/different element).

change neutrons=isotope
change electrons=ion
change protons=different element

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energy needed to detach an electron from an atom

ionization energy

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tendency of an atom to attract electrons shared in covalent bond

electronegativity

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willingness of an atom to accept an additional electron

electron affinity

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1st quantum number

(principal) shell level of electron (n)-energy level

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2nd quantum number

(azimuthal)- subshell- shape
s=0
p=1
d=2
f=3

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3rd quantum number

(magnetic) orbital (holds 2 e) ranging from -l to +l
s=2
p=8
d=18
f=32

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4th quantum number

electronic spin number (+/-1/2)

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Heinsenberg Uncertainty Principle

production of position or a particle

- momentum

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Difference between empirical and molecular formula

empirical-smallest ratio of whole numbers used to represent proportions
molecular formula-exact number of elemental atoms in each molecule

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Radioactive decay follows which order of kinetics?

1st order

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Which type of decay occurs when a neutron becomes a proton

beta decay

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When a proton becomes a neutron, electron is absorbed

electron capture

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When a proton becomes a neutron, positron is emitted

positron emission

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formal charge equation

formal charge= (#valence electrons)-(#bonds)-(#nonbonding electrons)

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(T/F) Sigma bonds have the lowest energy and are the strongest type of bond.

true

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Enantiomers have the same chemical and physical characteristics except for two cases.

interactions with other chiral compounds

- interactions with polarized light

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(Cis/trans) have stronger intermolecular forces

Cis

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Atoms with a greater number of electron shells (higher periods of periodic table) distribute charges and make good (leaving groups/nucleophiles)

leaving groups

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(T/F) Nitrogen is more nucleophilic than oxygen

true

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best nucleophiles are strong (acids/bases) and the best leaving groups are weak (acids/bases)

nucleophile-strong base

leaving group-weak base

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Aldehyde and ketones undergo addition not substitution producing what type of product?

racemic mixtures

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chain of glucose

amylose (starch)

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Saturated or unsaturated fats have a lower melting point

unsaturated fats

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average kinetic energy for a mole of molecules in fluid equation

KE= 3/2*RT

Which two variables allow for the transfer of energy between systems?

heat and work

0th law of thermodynamics

- 2 systems in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system are in thermal equilibrium with each other - temperature exists and is a state function

1st law of thermodynamics

-Total energy of the system and surroundings is always conserved: E=q-w

equation for enthalpy

internal energy + work (H=U + P*V)

2nd law of thermodynamics

entropy of an isolated system will never decrease

3rd law of thermodynamics

a perfect crystal at 0 K is assigned an entropy value of 0

heat capacity equation

heat capacity= heat/temperature (C=Q/T)

Bond breaking is (endothermic/exothermic) and bond formation is (endothermic/exothermic)

- bond breaking-endothermic | - bond formation-exothermic

When does a compound evaporate?

When vapor pressure of liquid phase is greater than the partial pressure of the gaseous phase

When does boiling occur?

When the vapor pressure of liquid equals the atmospheric pressure

crystallization is (endo/exo) thermic?

exothermic

function of galvanic cell

turn chemical energy into electrical energy

current flows from (anode/cathode) to (anode/cathode)

cathode to anode (opposite of electrons)

When the pH is lower than the pKs, a species interprets the environment as (protic/aprotic) and is less likely to act (acidic/basic)

-protic and acts less acidic

difference between heat and temperature

heat-amount of energy transferred due to change in temperature temperature-average kinetic energy of molecules

(T/F) Ionic compounds have higher melting and boiling points over hydrogen bonds

true

What order is a saturated enzyme?

0th order

Units of the rate law: - 0th - 1st - 2nd

- 0th: (m/s) - 1st: (1/s) - 2nd: (1/ms)

In a gas, as temperature goes up what happens to the solubility?

solubility decreases

SN1 reaction creates (racemic/enantiomers)

racemic mixture (no longer optically active)

How can you increase SN1 reactions?

- highly substituted carbons (tertiary carbon) - polar (protic) solvent - weak base for leaving group

How can you increase SN2 reactions?

- attack primary carbons - nonpolar (aprotic) solvent - lots of nucleophiles

How does gas chromatography separate compounds?

by boiling point and polarity

galvanic cell vs electrolytic

galvanic- spontaneous, exergonic chemical reaction | electrolytic- non-spontaneous, endergonic chemical reaction (decomposition process)

relation between boiling point and vapor pressure

inverse: lower BP= higher vapor pressure

What type of bond do transition metals make?

coordinate covalent

More solute particles present, the (lower/higher) the vapor pressure, and the (lower/higher) the boiling point

more solute particles present, the (lower) the vapor pressure, and the (higher) the boiling point

△G < 0, Keq > 1, and E° > 0

spontaneous

In reactions with gases, (increasing/decreasing) the volume, will shift the equilibrium to the side with more moles of gas (and vice versa)

increasing (decreasing pressure)

purpose of salt bridge

balance growing positive charge in the anode and negative charge in the cathode; keep the electrochemical reaction from reaching equilibrium too quickly

electrolytic cell: anode (+/-) and cathode (+/-) | galvanic cell: anode (+/-) and cathode (+/-)

electrolytic: anode (+) and cathode (-) galvanic: anode (-) and cathode (+) (Spontaneous)

Noble gases have very (low/high) melting and boiling points

low- inert gases

What mechanism opens glucose's ring structure?

hydrolysis (hydration)

buffer

- weak acid and conjugate base | - weak base and conjugate acid

order of reactivity in nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions for acid derivatives

acid anhydrides > esters > amides

specific activity

- purity of an enzymatic mixture | - specific activity is equal to the activity of an enzyme per milligram of total protein in the mixture

If Q < K

reaction is spontaneous in the direction written (shift right)

An increase in pressure or decrease in volume will result in what shift for gas molecules?

- An increase in pressure or decrease in volume will result in a shift to the side with fewer moles of gas - Conversely, an decrease in pressure or increase in volume will result in a shift in to the side with more moles of gas

BH3 selectively reduces which molecule to primary alcohols?

carboxylic acids

stereoisomers

2^n (n=stereocenters)

Nucleophile vs leaving group

nucleophile- strong base and electron donor | leaving group- weak base and accept electrons

increase boiling point

strong intermolecular forces and greater surface area (less branching)

When do precipitates occur?

exceeds the solubility product constant (Q> Ksp)

equilibrium constant

ΔG′° = –RTln(Keq)

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid])

backside attack and 1 product

SN2

planar carbocation and form 2 products

SN1

Chemistry & Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(72 cards)