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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What energy source is used for flagellar propulsion?

A

energy from a proton gradient not ATP

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2
Q

What are the three forms of genetic recombination?

A
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
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3
Q

conjugation

A

transfer if plasmid (extragenomic DNA)

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4
Q

transformation

A

bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into genome

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5
Q

transduction

A

transfer of genetic material by virus via a vector

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6
Q

transposons

A

nucleotides move from one position to another

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7
Q

(Ventral/Dorsal) pathway travels to the temporal lobe towards the base of brain and involved in object recognition.

A

Ventral

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8
Q

(Ventral/Dorsal) pathway projects into the parietal cortex and is more involved in perceiving location of objects.

A

Dorsal

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9
Q

If E.coli are resistant to phage attack after being placed with DNA from phage resistant bacteria, what is the most likely mechanism for their resistance acquisition?

A

transformation

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10
Q

Pressure waves in the air are converted to neural signals at which location?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti in the cochlea

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11
Q

Which of the sensory systems bypasses the thalamus in its path to the cortex?

A

olfactory system

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12
Q

What causes a rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A
  • increase in CO2
  • increase in hydrogen concentration
  • increase in temperature
  • increase in 2,3-DPG
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13
Q

Chloride shift

A
  • Chloride ions diffuse in the opposite direction of bicarbonate ions to prevent buildup of negative charge
  • Exchange in Lungs: O2 into RBC, bicarbonate in, CO2 out, and Cl- out
  • Exchange in Tissues: O2 out, bicarbonate out, CO2 in, and Cl- in
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14
Q

Oxygen concentration is monitored mainly by (central/peripheral) chemoreceptors, while CO2 concentration is monitored by (central/peripheral) chemoreceptors.

A
  • oxygen concentration: peripheral

- carbon dioxide concentration: central

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15
Q

How does the body compensate for acidosis?

A

-increased breathing rate to expel CO2 to raise blood pH

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16
Q

(Hypo/Hyper)ventilation causes alkalosis

A

-hyperventilation (results in loss of CO2)

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17
Q

Lymph circulates one way through the lymphatic vessels, eventually dumping into which two places?

A

-thoracic duct and vena cava

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18
Q

MHC class I molecules display antigens derived from (intracellular/extracellular) pathogens. MHC class II molecules display antigens derived from (intracellular/extracellular) pathogens.

A
  • MHC Class I- intracellular (endogenous)

- MHC Class II-extracellular (exogenous)

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19
Q

Which gastric cell type secretes pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

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20
Q

Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

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21
Q

Which lipoproteins transport triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?

A

very low-density lipoproteins

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22
Q

Which lipoproteins transport cholesterol and phospholipids to the cells?

A

intermediate and low-density lipoproteins

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23
Q

When the liver mobilizes fat for energy, it produces what?

A

ketone bodies (acids)

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24
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV

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25
Where does red blood cell synthesis occur?
spongy bone
26
flagella are (microtubules/microfilaments)
microtubules
27
Microtubules/microfilaments are responsible for generating the momentum necessary for phagocytosis
microfilaments
28
How do you decrease the risk of pulmonary edema?
hydrostatic pressure exerted by the fluid must decrease, and osmotic pressure exerted on the fluid must increase
29
In what cell cycle phase can cells be karyotyped?
metaphase
30
Multipotent stem cells
cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ
31
caspace
family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death and inflammation
32
How do caspase enzymes mediate apoptosis?
Caspase enzymes (activated by cytochrome c) mediate apoptosis by attacking the aspartate residues in cytoplasmic proteins
33
Hayflick limit
number of mitotic replications a cell can undergo before it enters a senescent state
34
order of formation of germ layers
ectoderm then endoderm followed by mesoderm
35
myelin sheath (increase/decrease) capacitance of the neuron
decrease
36
In which type of cell are ligand-gated ion channels most commonly found?
Cells that need to respond quickly to external stimuli
37
During the S1 ('Lub') stage, what happens to the pulmonary and aortic valves and the tricuspid and mitral valves?
- P and A open | - T and M close
38
During the S2 ('Dub') stage, what happens to the pulmonary and aortic valves and the tricuspid and mitral valves?
- P and A close | - T and M open
39
The lining of secretory ducts is composed of which cell type?
simple cuboidal epithelial cells
40
Where do mature T lymphocytes accumulate?
mature T cells accumulate in the lymph nodes and are produced in the thymus
41
Which cell type of the innate immune system releases histamine?
basophils
42
function of atrial natriuretic peptide
hormone that can increase the glomerular filtration rate
43
Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
44
osmolarity has effects on (ADH/aldosterone/both)
ADH- increase in volume to decrease in osmolarity
45
function of macula densa cells
sense concentration of sodium ion in glomerular filtrate and located in the distal convoluted tubule
46
function of juxtaglomerular cells
release renin and line the afferent arterioles
47
(T/F) Enzymes increase reaction rate but do not alter the thermodynamics of a reaction (delta G is a thermodynamic quantity).
true
48
Which muscles have more than 1 nuclei?
cardiac (1-2) and skeletal (multi)
49
Meissner corpuscle
sensitivity to temporary light touch
50
Pacinian corpuscle
sensitivity to vibration and pressure (deep touch)
51
Merkel's disk
sustained light touch
52
- holocrine - apocrine - merocrine
- holocrine- sebaceous glands - apocrine-mammary glands - merocrine-sweat glands
53
Ruffini's ending
record low-frequency vibration or pressure
54
role of TrpV1 receptor
determine temperature and sensitive to pain
55
Where is progesterone secreted from?
corpus luteum
56
Stimulation of the Leydig cells produces which hormone?
testosterone
57
What do chief cells, G cells, and parietal cells produce?
- chief cells-pepsinogen - G cell-gastrin to promote increased HCl production by parietal cells - parietal cells- HCl
58
Polypeptide hormones function via interaction with (transmembrane receptors/transcription factor) and steroid hormones function via interaction with (transmembrane receptors/transcription factor).
- polypeptide (protein) hormones- transmembrane receptors | - steroid hormones- transcription factors
59
Role of acetylation
promotes transcription by attaching acetyl groups to lysine residues on histones
60
CpG islands
stretches with a high frequency of cytosine and guanine dinucleotide DNA pairs (CG) found in the promoter regions of genes
61
penetrance
extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype
62
expressivity
relative capacity of a gene to affect the phenotype of the organism of which it is a part
63
difference in reproduction for bacteria and viruses
bacteria reproduce via fission and viruses need host cell to replicate
64
neuropeptide Y
decrease appetite
65
(T/F) Platelets contain nuclei
False- cell fragments without nuclei
66
Increasing the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange will cause blood pH to (increase/decrease)
increase- increasing the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange will enhance O2 uptake and CO2 removal, thereby increasing blood pH
67
role of transcription factors
- bind DNA and subsequently recruit RNA polymerase | - contain DNA binding domains
68
primary oocyte and secondary oocyte are arrested in what stage
primary- prophase I | secondary- metaphase II
69
retrovirus
positive-sense single stranded RNA
70
viroid
single stranded circular RNA that silence gene expression
71
parallel evolution convergent evolution divergent evolution
- parallel evolution- 2 closely related species continue to evolve - convergent evolution-distantly related species evolve similar traits - divergent evolution- 2 species with recent common ancestor evolve distinct traits
72
Where do microtubules originate?
centrosomes
73
Where are sperm produced and mature?
produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, completes maturation and becomes motile in the epididymis
74
Atrial natriuretic peptide
released in response to high blood volume and decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, as well as increasing the glomerular filtration rate and inhibiting aldosterone release
75
Amino acid-derived hormones are derived from?
tyrosine and tryptophan
76
When does crossing over occur?
prophase I of meiosis *unequal crossing over gives rise to gametes which lack or contain extra copies of individual genes not chromosomes (nondisjunction)
77
What would you expect to happen to fatty acid synthesis in G6PDH deficiency?
reduced fatty acid synthesis as NADPH would be decreased which donates electrons for FAS
78
Why do RBC rely on glycolysis for ATP production?
Don't have mitochondria
79
Which enzyme improves oxygen release?
biphosphoglycerate mutase (convert 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG)
80
kinesin vs dynein
kinesin- move cargo along microtubules in anterograde axonal transport (away from nucleus towards distal site) dynein- retrograde transport (from distal sites toward nucleus)
81
totipotent vs. pluripotent vs. multipotent
- totipotent-give rise to placental and fetal cells - pluripotent-differentiate into fetal cells (3 germ layers) - multipotent- only differentiate into specialized cells
82
Where do B and T cells mature?
B cells-spleen | T cells-thymus
83
ATP state when muscle fiber at rest
upright and bound to ADP*Pi (caused by hydrolysis of ATP)
84
What causes the power stroke in muscles?
dissociation of ADP and Pi which shortens the sarcomere
85
Which type of muscle fibers are fatigue resistant, contract slowly, and use aerobic respiration?
Type 1 fibers
86
Cori cycle
lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration transported to the liver, where ATP metabolizes lactic acid back to glucose
87
4 main types of tissue
epithelial, connective (bone, blood, adipose), muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), and nervous tissue
88
miRNA and siRNA function
RNA interference- binds to sequence on mRNA molecule to silence gene expression
89
Which technique would be used to detect mRNA?
RT-PCR
90
phosphodiester bond
linkage that occurs when two hydroxyl groups in a phosphate molecule react with hydroxyl groups on ribose sugars to form two ester bonds
91
mRNA levels are directly proportional to what?
protein levels
92
allopatric speciation vs sympatric speciation
- allopatric speciation- geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution - sympatric speciation-speciation occurring within a parent species remaining in one location

MCAT EK Review (5 decks)

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